先秦辐式双轮马车轮辋制作技艺研究

Research on the Wheel Rim Making Technology of Spokes Chariot in Pre-Qin Period

车辋制作技艺是车轮制作技艺中的重要关键一环,在车辆制作中起着至关重要的作用。通过先秦历史典籍文献记载、传统车辆制作技艺调查和考古出土车辆遗迹考察相结合,详细讨论了先秦辐式双轮马车的轮辋制作技艺。锯切割辋片制作技艺和轮辋輮制制作技艺是传统辐式双轮马车轮辋制作技艺的两种主要类型,受马车车辋结构特点及金属加工工具等因素影响,先秦辐式双轮马车轮辋制作技艺主要采用輮制工艺进行制作。目前保存完整的木质车辋輮制实物证据为江苏淮安运河村出土的战国中晚期车辆;先秦车辋輮制工艺的原理,主要通过高温外力改变木材的物理特性使其弯曲,并借助相应的辅助工具来实现轮辋的圆弧曲线,先秦车辋輮制工艺以二辋合之常见,同时可能存在三至四辋合之的拼合方式。

Rim manufacturing technology is an important part of wheel manufacturing,and plays a vital role in vehicle production.In this study,through a combination of the Pre-Qin period classics and literature records,traditional vehicle making techniques,and investigations regarding unearthed vehicle remains,the wheel rim making techniques used in the Pre-Qin Chariot are discussed in detail.Saw cutting rim sheet production technology and“kneading”technology of wheel rim are the two main types of traditional spoked wheel rim making techniques.Influenced by the structural characteristics of wheel rims and metal processing tools,in Pre-Qin period,the rim making technique used in the spoked chariot was mainly comprised of the kneading technique.Currently,the physical evidence of kneaded wooden rims is excavated from the Middle and late Warring States Period in Huaian,Jiangsu Province.The principle of the Pre-Qin wheel rims’bending process involves changing the physical properties of wood via high temperature external force and using corresponding auxiliary tools to achieve the circle of the rim.The wheel rim arrangement for pre-Qin chariots is commonly used in two rim arrangements;however,three or four rim arrangements may exist.