走向共同富裕:中国社会保障再分配的实践、成效与启示

Towards Shared Prosperity:Practice,Performance and Prospect of Social Security Redistribution in China

社会保障是促进社会成员共享国家发展成果、调节收入再分配的重要手段。党的十八大以来,中国基本建成覆盖全民、统筹城乡、功能完备的多层次社会保障体系,在决胜脱贫攻坚和全面建成小康社会中发挥了不可替代的作用。基于中国家庭收入调查(CHIP)2013年和2018年数据的研究表明,中国社会保障总体的再分配作用逐步增强,其中社会保障收入发挥缩小收入差距的作用,但社会保障支出,特别是医疗保险缴费扩大收入差距。对农村居民和农民工而言,社会保障的再分配作用有所增强;在东部地区,社会保障能够冲抵市场因素导致的收入差距扩大,但在中部和西部仍未实现。相比于高收入国家,中国社会保障的再分配作用仍有较大的提升空间。面向共同富裕,要进一步完善发展型、适应性和可持续的社会保障制度,突出社会保障旨在促进社会公平和共享发展成果的功能,着力缩小社会保障的城乡差距、地区差距和人群差距,规范社会保障体制机制建设并提升其治理效能。

Social security is an important means to promote social members to share the fruits of national development and adjust income redistribution.Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,China has basically established a multi-level social security system that covers the entire population,integrates urban and rural areas,and has complete functions.It has played an irreplaceable role in winning the battle against poverty and building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Research based on data from the China Household Income Project(CHIP)in 2013 and 2018 shows that the overall redistributive effect of China’s social security has gradually increased.Social security transfer income plays a role in narrowing the income gap,but social security spending,especially medical insurance contributions,will widen the income gap.The redistributive effect of social security on rural residents and migrant workers has been strengthened.In the eastern region,social security can offset the widening income gap caused by market factors,but it has not been realized in the central and western regions.Compared with high-income countries,there is still much room for improvement in the redistributive role of social security in China.Facing common prosperity,it is necessary to further improve the development-oriented,adaptable and sustainable social security system,highlight the goal of social security to promote social equity and share development achievements,focus on narrowing the urban-rural gap,regional gap and population gap in social security,standardize the construction of social security system and mechanism and improve its governance efficiency.