明代鸟铳的技术谱系及战争实践

The Technical Pedigree and Practical Use in Battle of the War Practice of the Matchlock during the Ming Dynasty

火绳枪在明代称为鸟铳,是明代最先进、最重要的单兵作战火器。通过对其传播和流变进行深度挖掘,可以厘清明代鸟铳技术谱系和知识图谱的主要内容,同时通过对鸟铳在明代战争中所起作用的分析,呈现火绳枪技术在明朝发展的历史剖面。经过对外来火绳枪进行一系列技术改进,并对其弹药技术形成理论化认识之后,明代鸟铳技术形成了独特的知识体系。在东南沿海抗倭战争、北部边防战争、明清鼎革战争等过程中,鸟铳作为主流单兵作战火器得到了应用和发展,并对明末清初的历史走向产生了重要影响。

The matchlock,known as a“Bird Gun”in China was the most advanced and important individual combat firearm during the Ming Dynasty.Based on in-depth reinvestigation of its spread,this article attempts to clarify the formation of the matchlock s technology pedigree and knowledge map in the Ming Dynasty,and through the analysis of its role in Ming Dynasty wars,the history of the development of matchlock technology during that period is presented.After a series of technical improvements to foreign matchlocks,and the formation of a theoretical understanding of its ammunition technology,matchlock technology in the Ming Dynasty formed its own knowledge system.During the Southeast Coastal Anti-Japanese War,the Northern Frontier War,and the Ming-Qing Dynastic Wars,the matchlock was used and developed as a mainstream individual combat firearm,and played an important role in the historical trend of this period.