马克思“人与自然”关系思想的生态学意蕴

The Ecological Implication of Marx’s Thoughts on the Relationship between Nature and Man

在资本主义制度下,人与自然的双重异化已经严重侵蚀到人生活的各个方面。在马克思看来,这是人与自然之间的“新陈代谢”产生断裂导致的结果。这一结果不仅使人脱离了自然,同时也使人在产品交换的过程中脱离了正常的交换关系,进而在资本追逐利润的刺激下加倍地对自然进行掠夺。我们把造成这一后果的原因归结为近代以来的主体性膨胀以及以此为基础确立的资本主义制度下的私有制。生态危机的出现和人之劳动的异化都根本性地指向这一制度。显然,要想根本性地克服这一问题,就必须从资本主义的资本私有制走向共产主义的生产资料公有制,即从主观性走向客观性。生产资料公有制所提供的客观性维度不仅消解了主体性的膨胀所带来的任意性和自私性,还能够使人获得劳动解放的同时达至人与自然的和谐统一。如此一来,生态危机的解决就与人的解放达到了统一。

Under the capitalist system,the double alienation of nature and man has seriously eroded all aspects of human life.In Marx’s view,it is incurred by the rupture of"metabolism"between man and nature.This result not only makes people break away from the nature,but also makes them isolated from the normal exchange relationship in the process of product exchange,and then plunder nature twice under the stimulus of capital chasing profits.We attribute the cause of this consequence to the expansion of subjectivity since modern times and the private ownership under the capitalist system established on this basis.The emergence of ecological crisis and the alienation of human labor fundamentally point to this system.Obviously,to overcome this problem fundamentally,we must move from capitalist private ownership of capital to communist public ownership of the means of production,that is,from subjectivity to objectivity.The objective dimension provided by the public ownership of the means of production not only dispels the arbitrariness and selfishness brought about by the expansion of subjectivity,but also enables people to achieve the harmony between man and nature while obtaining labor liberation.In this way,the solution of the ecological crisis is unified with the liberation of people.