跨语言基本核心词词义分析——以24种语言基本核心词词义为例

Cross-Language Lexical Semantics Analysis of Basic Kernel Words:A Case Study Based on Lexical Meanings of 24 Languages

本文根据确定规则,对24种语言中60个基本核心词(包含名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词等6个词类)的义项进行统一收集、整理,对不同词类的词义引申数量、能力进行量化分析,并对词义引申特点进行归纳。结果看到,基本核心词引申数量在4左右。总体来看,动词的义项数量最多、引申能力最强,形容词、名词随后,副词、数词、代词义项较少、引申能力较弱。具体语言中各词类的引申数量排序存在区别,语言系属对基本核心词引申能力的影响较小。本文还通过隐喻、转喻的认知框架,对名词、动词、形容词三类词互相引申的情况进行了特点归纳,通过相似性和相关性对其进行解释,对词义演变涉及的义项数量、方式等,做出了有据可依的探索。

In this paper,we collected and organized the meanings of 60 basic kernel words(including nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,pronouns,and numerals)in 24 languages according to the certain rules,quantified the number and ability of derivation of different words,and summarized the characteristics of derivation of words.The results shows that the number of meaning items of the basic kernel words is about 4.In general,verbs have the largest number of meaning items and the strongest derivation ability,followed by adjectives and nouns,and adverbs,numerals and pronouns have fewer meaning items and weaker derivation ability.There is a difference in the ranking of the number of derivations of each word class in a specific language,and the influence of language family on the derivation ability of basic core words seems small.This paper also summarizes the ways in which the three class of words-nouns,verbs,and adjectives-derivate to each other through a cognitive framework of metaphor and metonymy,and explains them through similarity and correlation.The number meaning items and the method of derivation involved in the evolution of word meanings are explored.