美国建设创新强国之路的镜鉴

Experiences from the United States as an Innovation-driven Power

创新是引领发展的第一动力,建设创新型国家和科技强国是推进社会主义现代化建设的必然要求,也是立足新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局的战略选择。我国已成功进入创新型国家行列,科技自立自强、建设科技强国的基础日益厚实,在全球创新版图中的地位和影响日益凸显。美国作为典型的创新强国,其建设和发展之路可为我国提供镜鉴。得益于宽松自由的创新文化、有机协同的创新生态系统、促进科技成果转化的风险资本和完善的人才育引留用体系等,美国逐步确立和巩固了创新强国的世界领先地位,并在全美范围内形成多个区域创新中心。在国际秩序深刻重塑的背景下,美国创新强国建设也面临诸多挑战,从外部看,中国等新兴经济体逐渐成为全球创新要素集聚和创新活动发生的“新中心”和“新高地”,以欧美国家为中心的全球创新版图面临动态变化;从内部看,两党交替执政降低政策制定和执行效率、区域发展不平衡加剧经济社会不平等、联邦政府难以有效协调统筹各州行动等,对美国保持创新强国领先地位形成制度掣肘。

Innovation is the primary driving force behind development.Building an innovation-driven country and a science and technology powerhouse is an inevitable requirement for promoting socialist modernization.It is also a strategic choice for a new development stage,concept,and pattern.China has become one of the innovation-driven countries,laying an increasingly solid foundation for its self-reliance and self-strengthening capabilities and its aim to become a powerhouse in sci-tech.therefore,its international status and influence in sci-tech are on the rise.As a typical innovation-driven country,the US provides many experiences for us.With a relaxed innovation culture,a coordinated innovation ecosystem,a great venture capital,and a sound talent system,America has been the leader in innovation,and has many regional innovation centers across the country.Against the backdrop of a profound reshaping of the international order,the US is also facing many new challenges in building a strong innovation country.Externally,China and other emerging economies are gradually becoming the "new centers" and "new highlands" for global innovation factors and activities,and the global innovation map centered on Europe and the United States is undergoing dynamic changes.From the internal perspective,the alternate rule of two parties reduces the efficiency of policy making and implementation,regional development imbalance aggravates economic and social inequality,and it is difficult for the federal government to effectively coordinate the actions of all states.All these factors have created institutional constraints for the United States to maintain its leading position as an innovative power.