苏俄对1919年匈牙利苏维埃共和国的指导和帮助

Soviet Russia's Guidance and Assistance to the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919

1919年3月成立的匈牙利苏维埃共和国是继苏俄之后欧洲出现的第二个社会主义国家,它给苏俄的世界革命战略提供了成功的例子。列宁非常关心匈牙利苏维埃共和国的生存和前途。在一些事关革命和建设的战略性、全局性问题上,以及具体的策略和方法问题上,列宁根据俄国布尔什维克党的实践和经验,向匈牙利苏维埃共和国及其领导人库恩·贝拉提供了重要的指导和帮助。苏俄还曾考虑和规划向苏维埃匈牙利提供军事援助,以使其免遭协约国支持的外部势力的干涉和扼杀。但是,1919年春夏,高尔察克和邓尼金白卫军分别在东线和南线发起进攻,极大地威胁苏维埃政权的生存,致使苏俄红军无法调拨兵力支援苏维埃匈牙利。列宁先是提出增援顿巴斯以保护苏维埃政权生存和突破布科维纳以同苏维埃匈牙利建立联系,在国内战争形势危急后又将顿巴斯改为最重要的国内战线。最后,除了帮助匈牙利建立国际支队等局部行动外,军事援助苏维埃匈牙利的规划没有得到实施。

The Hungarian Soviet Republic established in March 1919 was the second communist country in Europe after Soviet Russia.It provided a successful example for Soviet Russia's world revolutionary strategy.Lenin was very concerned about the survival and future of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.On some strategic and overall problems as well as specific tactics and methods related to revolution and construction,Lenin provided the Hungarian Soviet Republic and its leader Kun Bela with important guidance and help based on the practice and experience of the Russian Bolshevik Party.Soviet Russia also planned to provide military assistance to Soviet Hungary and protect it from interference and strangulation by external forces supported by the Entente.However,in the spring and summer of 1919,the Kolchak and Denikin's White Forces launched attacks on the eastern and southern fronts respectively,which greatly threatened the survival of the Soviet regime and prevented the Soviet Red Army from deploying troops to support Soviet Hungary.Lenin first proposed to reinforce Donbass to protect the survival of the Soviet regime and break through Bukovina to establish contact with Soviet Hungary.After the civil war situation was worsened,he changed Donbass to the most important domestic front.Finally,except for local operations such as helping Hungary establish an international detachment,the plan for military assistance to Soviet Hungary was not implemented.