福建省流域-近海溶解氧时空格局与低氧调控机制

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Dissolved Oxygen and Control Mechanism of Hypoxia (Low Oxygen) in the Watershed-Coastal System in Fujian Province

溶解氧是衡量水环境质量和生态系统健康的关键参数,当前我国海岸带地区的低氧问题突出,但缺乏对流域-近海溶解氧时空格局与低氧调控机制的研究.基于2011~2020年福建省135个地表水(含河口)和66个近岸海域监测点位数据,系统分析了年际和季节两个时间尺度溶解氧的时空演变规律,选取低氧(溶解氧饱和度位于10%分位之内)站位数据,采用数理统计和随机森林模型分析方法,重点研究了河流、水库、河口和近海这4种类型水体的低氧特征及其调控机制.结果表明,溶解氧饱和度近海最高[(98.2±10.2)%],河口最低[(79.2±17.9)%].与“十二五”(2011~2015年)相比,“十三五”(2016~2020年)河流和水库的低氧检出频率有明显降低,但河口变化不大.统计有低氧检出的点位,河流和水库的多年平均低氧检出频率在秋季最高,河口在夏季最高.水库和河口低氧问题最为突出但机制不同,水库河段的低氧与夏季径流携带大量有机质输入、层化导致底层水持续耗氧、秋季混合上涌或通过大坝泄流有关,河口的低氧与污染输入、潮水顶托和还原性物质耗氧有关.需要建立系统治理与分区管控制度,进一步加强流域-近海污染控制有助于减缓水体富营养化和低氧问题.

Dissolved oxygen is a key parameter to measure water environment quality and ecosystem health. Currently, the problem of hypoxia(low oxygen) is prominent in coastal areas in China, but there is a lack of research on the spatiotemporal characteristics of dissolved oxygen and the control mechanism of hypoxia in the watershed-coastal system. Based on the data of 135 surface water(including estuaries) and 66 coastal water monitoring sites in Fujian Province from 2011 to 2020, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation pattern of dissolved oxygen at seasonal and interannual time scales. The data of hypoxia(10% quantile, corresponding to 67% saturation) were selected to study the characteristics and control mechanism of hypoxia in four types of water bodies(i.e., rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, and coastal waters) using mathematical statistics and a random forest model. The results showed that the dissolved oxygen saturation was the highest in the coast [(98.2±10.2)%] and the lowest in the estuary [(79.2±17.9)%]. Compared with that in the 12Five-Year Plan(2011-2015), the frequency of hypoxia detection in rivers and reservoirs in the 13Five-Year Plan(2016-2020) was significantly reduced, but the change in estuaries was not significant. Counting the points with hypoxia detection, the multi-year average hypoxia detection frequency of rivers and reservoirs was highest in autumn, and the frequency of estuaries was highest in summer. Hypoxia in reservoirs and estuaries was the most prominent but with different mechanisms. Specifically, hypoxia in reservoir reaches was related to summer runoff carrying large amounts of organic matter input, stratification leading to continuous oxygen depletion in the bottom water, and vertical mixing or discharge through dams in autumn, whereas hypoxia in estuaries was associated with strong pollution inputs and reductive materials. Systematic management and regionalized control mechanisms need to be established to further strengthen watershed-coastal pollution abatement to help mitigate eutrophication and hypoxia problems.