刑事证据向行政证据转化的理论分析与制度建构

Theoretical analysis and system construction of the transformation from criminal evidence to administrative evidence

2021年修订的《行政处罚法》第27条在原有行刑正向衔接的基础上增加行刑反向衔接规定,一个亟须厘清的问题随之浮现:行刑反向衔接中的刑事证据能否转化为行政证据使用?现有立法、司法判例和理论学说对此问题的回应存在巨大分歧。尽管刑事证据向行政证据转化具有法理支撑和现实需求,且两类证据存在一定的相通性,但在证据转化过程中不可避免地遭遇了合法性质疑和实操困境。立足于畅通行刑双向衔接的规范目的,应当通过法律解释的方式肯定刑事证据可以作为行政证据使用的资格,同时在制度层面明晰可转化刑事证据的种类范围和使用规则,构建完善的证据转化审查机制,确保刑事证据向行政证据有序转化使用。

Article 27 of Administrative Penalty Law of the People’s Republic of China(Revised in 2021)adds the provisions on the reverse connection of execution on the basis of the original positive connection of execution.An urgent problem then arises:Can the criminal evidence in the reverse connection of execution be transformed into administrative evidence?There are great differences in the response of the existing legislation,judicial precedents and theories to this issue.Although the transformation from criminal evidence to administrative evidence has legal support and practical needs,and the two types of evidence have some similarities,it is inevitable to encounter doubts about the legal nature and practical difficulties.Based on the normative purpose of unblocking the two-way connection of execution,this paper affirms the qualification that criminal evidence can be used as administrative evidence by means of legal interpretation.At the same time,this paper clarifies the types,scope and rules of convertible criminal evidence at the institutional level,and builds a perfect evidence transformation and examination mechanism to ensure an orderly transformation and use of criminal evidence to administrative evidence.