诗缘、诗怨、诗理:陈师道对王安石的否定式反向开拓

Connection, Criticism and Principles: Chen Shidao’s Denial and Reverse Development of Wang Anshi in Poetry Writing

陈师道对王安石的人品、学术进行尖锐批评,对王安石的诗歌创作也是尽可能否定,其“宁拙毋巧,宁朴毋华,宁粗毋弱,宁僻毋俗”的创作论主要是针对王安石而发。他的诗歌创作一方面接续王安石由《诗经》以来的比兴传统,反对韩愈一派采用赋的方式铺排直陈“以文为诗”,这是它的内核;而另一方面向黄庭坚学习,找到学杜的法门,以虚字斡旋气韵,不粘花草风月,同时向曾巩学习散文创作,得简洁之法,最终形成他枯淡劲峭、简而有味的风格。无论是创作论,还是创作实际,陈师道与王安石几乎是刻意对立,呈现出反向接受的特征。他对王安石这种特殊的接受方式是北宋党争与陈师道个人的家庭背景、思想性情、师友交游相互作用的结果。宋代江西诗派不少诗人深受王安石诗歌创作的影响,陈师道以否定批评而反向开拓,为江西诗派诗风多样化演变提供了更大的空间。陈师道与王安石的诗学关联不仅关涉唐宋诗派源流接续,而且蕴藏宋诗发展演进的内在机理。

Chen Shidao hurled harsh criticism at Wang Anshi regarding his character and academic achievement and totally denied his poetry creation. His creation theory which elevated simple over artful, humble over pretentious,rough over feeble, and secluded over tacky mostly targeted Wang Anshi. On the one hand, his poetry creation followed Wang Anshi in using the techniques of bi and xing(originated in the Book of Songs), while denounced the technique of fu, which was straightforward and used by Han Yu school(introducing expression techniques of prose in poetry creation). This is the core principle of his poetry creation. On the other hand, he learned from Huang Tingjian and worked out an approach to studying Du Fu, using empty words to enrich artistic flavor but not writing about beautiful natural scenery. At the same time, he followed Zeng Gong in prose writing, learned a simple style and finally developed his own style, which is plain but powerful and simple yet rich. Whether in creation theory or writing practice,Chen Shidao chose the opposite of Wang Anshi to develop his unique style. His special acceptance of Wang Anshi is the result of the combination of the internal strife of political groups in the Northern Song Dynasty and Chen Shidao’s family background, thought and disposition, and his interaction with his teachers and friends. Many poets of Jiangxi Poetry School in the Song Dynasty were deeply influenced by Wang Anshi’s poetry creation. Chen Shidao rejected Wang Anshi and chose to go against him in poetry creation, providing more space for the diverse development of the Jiang Xi School of poetry. The connection between Chen Shidao and Wang Anshi in poetry creation is not only related to the continuity of Tang and Song poetry, but also reflects the internal mechanism of the development and evolution of Song poetry.