“获益剥夺”规范意义的再审视——以《民法典》第1182条前半段规定为分析对象

Re-examination of the Normative Meaning of“Deprivation of Benefits”:Take the first half of Article 1182 of the Civil Code as the object of analysis

明确《民法典》第1182条“按照侵权人因此获得的利益赔偿”的规范意义,为其适用的前提。因被侵权人财产损失与侵权人获益并不处于全然对应关系且存在本质差异,故将“按照侵权人因此获得的利益赔偿”解读为财产损失赔偿标准并不具有说服力。在我国侵权责任制度范畴内,获益剥夺中的获益应指向积极获益且应为被侵权人所保有。预防功能的有效实现,为将侵权人获益归属于被侵权人提供了重要的理论依据。同时,获益剥夺虽被我国侵权责任制度中的损害赔偿所涵盖,但其与填补性赔偿存在本质区别。在规范意义上,“按照侵权人因此获得的利益赔偿”不仅体现为一种损害赔偿责任,也隐含着立法者将获益剥夺确认为一种新的民事责任承担方式的认知。

Clearing the normative meaning of“damages based on the interests gained by the tortfeasor”in Article 1182 of the Civil Code is the premise of its application.Because the loss of the infringed and the benefit of the tortfeasor are not in full correspondence and there are essential differences between them,it is not convincing to interpret“Damages based on the interests gained by the tortfeasor”as the standard of compensation for property losses.Although depriving the benefit of the tortfeasor is covered by damages in our tort liability system,it is essentially different from the compensatory damages.In the normative sense,“damages based on the interests gained by the tortfeasor”not only embodies as a liabilith for damages,but also implies that the legislator recognizes disgorgement damages as an new form of civil liability.The benefits in disgorgement damages should point to positive benefits and should be retained by the infringed.The effective realization of the prevention function provides an important theoretical basis for giving the benefits to the infringed.