单元性质、权力结构与村级建制调整--兼论“合村并组”与“自治下沉”改革的适应性

Unit Nature,Power Structure and Village Size Adjustment:Discussion on the Adaptability of the Reform of“Combining Villages and Groups”and“Self-government Sinking”

近年来,农村“合村并组”与“自治下沉”等“基本单元”改革引发了广泛争议。从理论上来看,农村“基本单元”可以被分为共同体单元、社会组织单元以及国家建构单元,不同的“基本单元”在形成方式、权力性质、权力基础以及权力边界上有一定的差异。总体来说,“基本单元”的性质类型和规模范围取决于其“质”和“量”。从实践来看,由于各地社会环境有所差异,国家建构的“建制村”单元呈现出不同的适应性。其中,华北地区的“村庄”作为社会权力与国家权力融合区,适应度最高。在华南地区和长江中上游流域,“血缘共同体单元”“社会组织单元”与“国家建构单元”相互分离,抑制了“建制村”社会权力的凝聚,不利于村民自治的开展。当前以“合村并组”与“自治下沉”为代表的“基本单元”改革推进较快,由于“基本单元”设置的有效性受到社区权力构成的影响,因此还需要注意不同区域和不同社会环境存在的差异,不可盲目照抄其他地方的改革模式。

Currently,the reform of“basic unit”in rural areas,such as“combining villages and groups”and“self-government sinking”,which has aroused widespread controversy.Theoretically,rural“basic unit”can be divided into community units,social organization units and national construction units.Different“basic unit”have certain differences in the formation mode,power nature,power base and power boundary.Generally speaking,the nature type and scale of rural“basic units”depend on their“quality”and“quantity”.From the perspective of practice,the state-constructed“institutional village”units show different adaptability due to the different social environments in different places.Among them,as the integration zone of social power and state power,the“village”in North China has the highest fitness.In the region of South China and upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River,the“unit of consanguine community”,“unit of social organization”and“unit of national construction”are separated from each other,which restrains the cohesion of social power in organized villages and is not conducive to the development of villagers’self-government.At present,the“basic unit”reform represented by“combining villages and groups”and“self-government sinking”reform quickly,due to the effectiveness of the“basic unit”set received community power of influence,therefore also need to pay attention to the“land”differences in different regions and under different conditions,which should not blindly copy the reform model of other places.