中国古代“活法”观及其哲学渊源

The View of“HuoFa”in Ancient China and Its Philosophical Origin

“活法”是中国古代文艺创作的重要思想,首倡者应为北宋胡宿,其以“活法”来倡诗作之新变;苏轼对“活法”的推进至关重要,提出“信道法智”“道凝而法活”,反对“死法”,将“活法”作为“道”及万物人生之本性而致思,确定了“活法”的基本意涵和生命向度。吕本中认为“活法”是“有定法而无定法,无定法而有定法”,并落实到自我生命的维度,张元幹、杨万里等进一步阐发了“活法”之说。宋代理学彰显着生生性、活络性,“活泼泼地”是理学家常探究的话题,儒家之“活”是万物之理、学问之法,亦是文艺之则;禅宗之“活”是“活法”观的重要思想源头,“参活句”一直是宋代禅僧的话头,圆悟克勤、大慧宗杲多次论及,这对吕本中、杨万里等“活法”观具有巨大影响,清代朱庭珍、石涛等人直接将“活法”阐发为“至法”“无法之法”。中国古代之“活法”观凝结着宇宙万物之生命的深度思考。

“Huofa”is an important thought in ancient Chinese literary and artistic creation,which was initiated by Hu Su of the Northern Song Dynasty,who advocated the new change of poetry with“Huofa”.Su Shi was very important to the promotion of“Huofa”.Su Shi put forward the idea of“Tao is based on faith,and the law is based on wisdom”,and“sticking to Tao to make the law alive”,opposed“dead law”,regarded“living law”as“Tao”and the nature of life of all things,and determined the basic meaning and direction of life of“Huofa”.Lv Benzhong believed that“Huofa”was“there is a definite law without a definite law,and there is a definite law without a definite law”,and then he implemented it to the dimension of self life.Zhang Yuangan and Yang Wanli further expounded the theory of“Huofa”.The Neo Confucianism of the Song Dynasty was characterized by its vividness and flexibility.The theme of“vividness and profusion”was often explored by Neo Confucians.The“vividness”of Confucianism is the principle of all things,the method of learning,and the principle of literature and art.The“living”of Zen was an important ideological source of the concept of“Huofa”.The“understanding the implications between lines”has always been the beginning of Zen monks in the Song Dynasty.Yuanwu Keqin and Dahui Zonggao have talked about it for many times,which had a great impact on“Huofa”concept of Lv Benzhong and Yang Wanli.Zhu Tingzhen,Shi Tao and others in the Qing Dynasty directly interpreted“Huofa”as“ultimate Law”and“No law as Law”.The concept of“Huofa”in ancient China condensed the deep thinking of the life of all things in the universe.