创业与减贫:影响机制、作用效果与未来研究展望

Entrepreneurship and Poverty Alleviation: Mechanism, Effect and Future Research Prospect

创业活动被认为是减贫的重要手段之一,近年来随着中央的“大众创业、万众创新”政策不断推出,创业活动迅速发展。那么,创业对于解决中国的贫困问题和实现共同富裕目标是否有帮助?如何才能更好地促进创业减贫效果的发挥?回答这些问题有助于中国更好地消除贫困,早日实现共同富裕。我们可从四个方面对创业减贫的国内外相关文献进行全面梳理:一是创业减贫的作用机制研究;二是创业减贫效果的测度与检验;三是创业减贫效果的影响因素;四是改善创业减贫效果的对策。已有文献对于理解和把握创业减贫的核心机制与作用效果大有裨益,不过仍然存在三方面不足:一是已有研究在检验创业的减贫效果时,通常使用个别地区的调查数据,样本代表性受限,导致研究结论可靠性存疑;二是已有研究忽视了一些新因素对创业减贫效果的影响;三是创业与贫困之间存在反向因果关系,从而导致实证检验面临内生性挑战,但是大多数已有研究忽视了对内生性问题的处理。未来可以从这三方面进行深入研究,从而更加准确地评估创业活动的减贫效果与作用机制,进而找到有效对策来改善创业活动的减贫效果,早日实现共同富裕的目标。

Entrepreneurial activities are considered to be one of the important means of poverty alleviation. In recent years, with the continuous introduction of the central government’s “mass entrepreneurship and innovation initiative” policy, entrepreneurial activities have developed rapidly. Is entrepreneurship helpful to poverty alleviation and achieve the goal of common prosperity? How can we better promote the effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation? Answering these questions will help China achieve common prosperity at an early date. This paper comprehensively summarizes the relevant literature at home and abroad on entrepreneurship and poverty reduction from four aspects: the first is the mechanism that entrepreneurship affect poverty alleviation, the second is the measurement and test of the effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation, the third is the influencing factors of the effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation, and the fourth is the policy to improve the effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation. The existing literature is of great benefit to understand and grasp the core mechanism and effect of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation, but there are still three defects. Firstly, when testing the poverty alleviation effect of entrepreneurship, the existing studies usually use survey data of individual regions, and the representativeness of the sample is limited, which leads to doubts about the reliability of the research conclusions. Secondly, the existing studies have ignored the impact of some new factors of entrepreneurship on poverty alleviation. Thirdly, there is a reverse causal relationship between entrepreneurship and poverty, which leads to the endogenous challenge, but most existing studies ignore the treatment of endogenous problems. In the future, we can conduct in-depth research from these three aspects, so as to more accurately evaluate the poverty alleviation effect of entrepreneurial activities, and then find effective countermeasures to improve the poverty alleviation effect of entrepreneurial activities and achieve the goal of common prosperity as soon as possible.