全新世以来钱塘江流域遗址时空分布特征及其与环境变化的关系

Holocene Spatiotemporal Distribution of Sites and Its Response to Environmental Changes in Qiantang River Basin

钱塘江流域是中国东部早期人类活动最重要的场所之一,其考古学文化发展序列完整,是中华文明的重要源头。目前学者广泛探索了黄河流域和长江流域史前人地关系,而对钱塘江流域的研究相对薄弱。基于全新世以来考古遗址及其所处环境的资料,运用GIS空间分析技术对遗址数据进行核密度估计、地形地貌因子提取及其方向性分布计算等,探讨了遗址时空演变特征、规律及其与环境变迁的关系。研究发现:(1)自然和人文因素不同程度影响了遗址数量及其延续性,其中海平面升降、气候变化等要素显著影响钱塘江流域遗址的分布、迁移和考古学文化演替。(2)新石器时代早期到夏商时期,钱塘江流域遗址数量呈现出变形的倒“N”型,垂直空间上主要倾向分布在高程200 m以下区域,水平空间上聚集性显著,分布中心在钱塘江干流附近;(3)钱塘江流域各时期遗址通过坡度、坡向、距河远近等要素对环境变迁进行响应,遗址主要分布于坡度为0°~7°、坡向为90°~180°、濒河距离小于7 km的区域。随着生产力的提高,人类对水资源依赖度增加,受自然环境限制程度降低。

The Qiantang River Basin is one of the most important regions for early human cultural activities in eastern China.Meanwhile,this region has a relatively complete sequence of archaeological cultural development and is an important origin of Chinese civilization.At present,scholars have extensively explored the past manland relationship between the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin,while the research on the Qiantang River Basin is relatively weak.Based on the data of archaeological sites and the natural environmental background since the Holocene,in combination of ArcGIS analysis technology,this paper is aims to estimate the kernel density of the sites,to extract the topographic and geomorphological factors and to analyze their directionality to carry out quantitative analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and rules of sites during different archaeological cultural periods.The relationship between archaeological sites and environmental changes is also conducted out.The results suggests that:(1)Natural factors and human factors affected the number and continuity of sites to varying degrees,among which sea level fluctuation and climate change are the dominant factors of cultural vicissitudes in the Qiantang River Basin,which exerting great influence on the distribution,expansion and transmutation of ancient culture.(2)From the early Neolithic Age to Xia-Shang Dynasties,the number of sites in the Qiantang River Basin changed in an inverted"N"type.In the vertical space,the sites were concentrated in the areas with an elevation below 200 m;in the horizontal space,showing significant spatial aggregation characteristics and the distribution center is near the main stream of the Qiantang River.(3)The responses of sites to environmental changes through their slope,slope direction,distance from the rivers and other elements in the Qiantang River Basin during different periods.The sites were mainly distributed in the areas with slope between 0°and 7°,aspect towards the southeast,and distance of less than 7 km from the rivers.With the increase of productivity,the dependency on water resources increased,but the limitation of natural environment on human activities decreased.