基于地方场域的实践:以布迪厄的实践理论解析留学归国人员的求职困境

Practices in field:Multi-perspective analysis of the job-hunting dilemma of overseas returned students through the lens of Bourdieu’s theory of practice

随着出国留学人数和留学回国人数的不断增加,海归就业难的情况引发了一系列公共讨论,也进入了学者的研究视野。论文借助布迪厄的实践理论及场域、共知、惯习、资本等作为概念工具,基于33位硕士归国人员与73位雇主的访谈资料,从地理学角度分析了留学归国人员的求职困境。结果表明,留学归国人员和雇主分别处于国际教育场域和本土就业场域。国际教育场域以西方机构发布的全球院校排名为主要表征,根植于西方为主导的全球高等教育等级体系。因而留学人员往往认为留学获取的资本在本土就业场域具有可转换性,有利于个人及家庭的向上社会流动(upward social mobility)。而雇主的招聘实践受到本土就业场域内一系列本地化规制的影响,近年来对海外资本的需求和认可度逐渐降低,更加重视本地化文化资本和植根于本地场域的具身体验。论文的分析兼顾本土地方实际、全球教育结构以及个人能动性,为留学归国人员和雇主之间关于海外资本价值的非对称认知与相关实践提供了理论解释,揭示了资本在社会流动性、全球化背景下的跨地方动态转换过程,并强调移民语境下的资本、共知、惯习等具有明显的地方根植性特征。

In light of Bourdieusian theory of practice and the concepts of field,doxa,habitus,and capital and using interview data of 33 returnee students and 73 employers,this study analyzed the job-hunting dilemma of overseas returnee students from the perspective of human geography.The analysis shows that the returnees and employers are situated in the field of international education and the field of local employment respectively.The international education field is mainly characterized by the rankings of global universities released by Western institutions,and is rooted in the Western-led global higher education hierarchy.Therefore,returnee students often believe that the capital acquired by studying abroad is convertible in the local field of professional employment,which is conducive to the upward social mobility of students and families.Employers’ recruitment practices are regulated by the localized employment field.Hence,the demand for and recognition of overseas capital has gradually decreased,and more emphasis has been placed on local cultural capital and embodied experience rooted in the local field in recent years.Taking local realities,global educational structures,and individual agency into account together,this study provided a theoretical explanation for the asymmetric perceptions and related practices regarding overseas capital value between returnees and employers,revealed the process of crossborder transfer of capital in the context of socio-geographical mobility and globalization,and underlined the place embeddedness of capital,common knowledge,and habitus in the context of immigration research.