企业边界:劳动雇佣还是平台合作

Firm Boundary:Labor Employment or Economic Cooperation

现代企业理论关于企业和市场的本质区别、边界以及企业内部权利的配置等有不同解释,产生分歧的根源在于对交易和交易费用的理解。现代企业理论认为,交易的本质是合作,市场机制和企业组织都是治理经济主体之间合作利益分配这一博弈关系的规则和制度。由于运行机制和激励方式不同,市场和企业治理交易的效率也有所不同。然而,仅通过比较边际交易费用确定企业边界的方式忽略了企业交易合作利益的生产和分配。市场和企业并不是非此即彼的关系,市场尤其要素市场对于企业必不可少,从生产要素市场的定价机制即企业合作利益分配关系出发,可以揭示企业与市场的联结点即边界。从经济关系的角度看,网络平台企业构建的新型劳动组织形式并没有改变企业的边界,劳动市场上的平等交易关系只是掩盖了资本与劳动的对立关系,因此有必要根据劳动雇佣关系来调整法律上的企业边界。

Firm theory implies different interpretations on its nature,boundary and rights allocation between firm and market. This paper argues that the root of differences lies in the understanding of conception of transaction and transaction cost. Based on the interest distribution,namely pricing mechanism of production factors,the junction or boundary between enterprises and the market can be revealed. New forms of labor organization for modern enterprises,especially network platforms,have not changed the boundary of the enterprise in economy. As Marx said,seemingly equal transaction relationship in the labor market covers the opposite relationship between capital and wage labor. Therefore,it is necessary to adjust the legal enterprises boundary according to the labor employment.