Plant synthetic epigenomic engineering for crop improvement

Efforts have been directed to redesign crops with increased yield,stress adaptability,and nutritional value through synthetic biology—the application of engineering principles to biology.A recent expansion in our understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms regulate plant development and stress responses has unveiled a new set of resources that can be harnessed to develop improved crops,thus heralding the promise of“synthetic epigenetics.”In this review,we summarize the latest advances in epigenetic regulation and highlight how innovative sequencing techniques,epigenetic editing,and deep learning-driven predictive tools can rapidly extend these insights.We also proposed the future directions of synthetic epigenetics for the development of engineered smart crops that can actively monitor and respond to internal and external cues throughout their life cycles.