《史记》文献内证的虚实变化——以项梁的行军路线为讨论中心

The Variation of Fiction and Reality in the Documentary Internal Evidence of Shi Ji—Centering the Discussion on Xiang Liang's Marching Route

《史记》《汉书》“西破秦军濮阳东”施事者,历来相关歧说可以归为三类:一是只有项羽、刘邦,没有项梁;二是只有项梁,没有其他二人;三是项梁、项羽、刘邦三人同至。史文已确切记载参与者实有项羽、刘邦,因此问题思考的关键在于判断“项梁是否亲至濮阳东”。《史记》虽有“齐军归,楚独追北”“项梁……遂追秦军”“项梁因追之”“项梁既追章邯”等文,但这些内证皆难以说明“西破秦军濮阳东”者兼有项梁,此三处“项梁”的文献意义仅是以施令者身份作为楚军的整体指称。明乎“西破秦军濮阳东”施事者无项梁,则可推断东阿战役之后,项梁的行军路线仅是从东阿来到定陶,他并没有与项羽、刘邦一道,为追秦军而同至濮阳东。

Historically relevant divergences about the participants of"breaking the Qin army in the east of Puyang"in Shi Ji and Han Shu can be classified into three categories:1.only Xiang Liang and no other two;2.only Xiang Yu and Liu Bang,no Xiang Liang;3.Xiang Liang,Xiang Yu and Liu Bang arrived together.Shi Ji definitely recorded the participants of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang,but the key to the question is to determine whether Xiang Liang came to Puyang East.Although Shi Ji contains such historical texts as"When the Qi army returned,Chu alone pursued the north","Xiang Liang……pursued the Qin army","Xiang Liang pursued them",and"Xiang Liang pursued Zhang Han",none of these texts can indicate that the person who"westward to break the Qin army in Puyang East"was also Xiang Liang.The meaning of"Xiang Liang"in these three places only refers to the Chu army as a whole as the order-giver.It is clear that Xiang Liang was not the one who"westward to break the Qin army in Puyang East",and it can be inferred that after the battle of Dong'e,Xiang Liang only chased them from Dong'e to Dingtao,and he did not join Xiang Yu and Liu Bang for Puyang East in pursuit of the Qin army.