从“以名取士”到“莫取有名”:论汉末魏初士人“名声”的浮沉

From“Electing Scholars by Reputation”to“Electing Scholars with No Reputation”:On the Rise and Fall of“Reputation”in the Late Han and Early Wei Dynasties

名声是古代执政者取士的重要依据。东汉后期,士人浮华交结促成了大量名士的产生,其激扬名声的干政之举更使得名声成为影响选官的重要因素,“以名取士”靡然成风。然至曹魏时期,明帝一度下诏“选举莫取有名”。名声的异化、物化是其被弃绝的内在诱因;有识之士的名声批判为其消沉奠定舆论基础;曹操及继任者对名声的厌弃降低了名声的政治影响力;而新生曹魏政权的集权统治才是其时选举“莫取有名”的根本动因。这一转变体现了皇权对士权的强力压制,而士人形成于民间的“名声”改以朝廷评定的“品第”形式存在。这是士权、皇权相博弈的结果。

Reputation was an important criterion for the rulers to select scholars.In the late Eastern Han Dynasty,the sociality of scholars contributed to the emergence of a large number of famous scholars.And the scholars enhanced their reputation for fighting against evil politics,which made reputation an important factor in official selection.As a result,“electing scholars by reputation”became a common trend.During the Period of the Wei Dynasty,the influence of reputation was gradually waning.Emperor Cao Rui once issued an edict requiring“electing scholars with no reputation”.The deterioration and materialization of the reputation is the main cause.The criticism of men of insight reinforced the trend.Cao Cao and his successors rejected reputation,which also reduced its political influence.In essence,the centralization of the new regime was the fundamental reason for this change,which reflected the imperial power’s stranglehold on the power of the gentry.As the result of the confrontation between the gentry and the imperial power,the“reputation”given by the scholars in the late Han Dynasty had changed to the“rank”assessed by the court in the Wei Dynasty.