功败垂成:洪武五年岭北之役考论

Failing on the Verge of Success:A Research on the Battle of Lingbei in 1372

洪武五年(1372年),明廷以三路大军北上发动岭北之役,此次北伐旨在彻底灭亡北元。《明太祖实录》记载此役的发动者为“武将集团”,但从战前的诸多部署如武器装备、马匹等来看,朱元璋应是此役的实际发动者。实录纂者为完满朱元璋的形象进行“虚笔”,将战败之责推卸给以徐达、李文忠、冯胜为代表的武将集团。是役以中路军与东路军大败,西路军小胜但未有实际战果而告终。岭北之役的失利使朱元璋不得不对北边战略进行调整。在随后采用的“保守经略”政策的影响下,明廷先扫荡近边,再克辽东的纳哈出势力,将北元羽翼剪除完毕后,才又将“肃清沙漠”提上议程。

In 1372,the Ming court launched the Lingbei Campaign with a three-way army,aiming to completely destroy the Northern Yuan Dynasty.According to Records of Emperor Taizu,the initiator of the campaign was the“army general group”,but judged from the deployment before the war,such as weapons and horses,Zhu Yuanzhang was the actual initiator of the campaign.To beautify Zhu Yuanzhang’s image,the compilers of the book shifted the blame for the defeat to the group of generals represented by Xu Da,Li Wenzhong and Feng Sheng.In this battle,the Central Route Army and the Eastern Route Army were defeated,and the Western Route Army won a small victory but ended up without actual results.The defeat of Lingbei Battle forced Zhu Yuanzhang to adjust his northern strategy.Under the influence of the“conservative economic strategy”policy adopted later,the Ming Court first swept the near border,then eliminated the Nahachu forces in Liaotong,cut off the wings of the Northern Yuan Dynasty,and finally put“clearing the desert”on the agenda.