义务教育学校托管服务的困境与优化——基于制度分析与发展框架的视角

The Dilemma and the Consummation of After-School Childcare Services——Based on an Institutional Analysis and a Development Framework

义务教育托管服务是一项重要的民生工程,也是促进义务教育高质量发展的重要途径。义务教育学校是中小学生托管服务供给的主渠道,但在实践中面临着“角色不明、动力不足、能力不够”的行动困境。基于制度分析与发展框架的行动规则模型分析表明:托管服务准入规则不明导致供给主体单一;自上而下的推进模式匡限了学校托管服务供给的主体性;成本分担和收费规则不统一造成了托管服务的区域不均衡;负荷过重和收益不明制约了教师参与托管服务的积极性。化解学校托管服务的行动困境,提高托管服务供给的质量,需要建立托管服务的分类规则,采取多元化供给方式;完善边界和位置规则,拓宽托管服务资源渠道;重构选择和聚合规则,优化托管服务经费保障体系;明确托管服务的收益与范围规则,积极回应各方利益诉求。

After-school childcare services are not only an important project related to people’s livelihood,but also an important way to promote the high-quality development of compulsory education. Compulsory schools,the major supplier of after-school childcare services,are in practice put in the dilemma of "an unclear role,lack of motivation,and insufficient ability." Based on the institutional analysis and development(IAD)framework,this study makes an action rule model analysis,and finds the following:The unclear access rules lead to the single supplier of after-school childcare services;the top-down mode of services limits the subjectivity of the service supply;the non-unified cost sharing and charging rules result in the regional imbalance of after-school childcare services;and the overload and the unclear income restrict teachers’ active participation in after-school childcare services. To tackle the dilemma of after-school childcare services and improve their quality,we need to set rules for the classification of the childcare services,and adopt diversified methods of service supply;improve the rules for service borders and locations,and broaden the channels for service resources;reconstruct the rules for service selection and aggregation,and optimize the system for service funds;and set rules for the scope of the benefits from childcare services to meet the interests of all parties concerned.