“功和机械能”前概念研究进展

A review of the preconceptions of “work and mechanical energy”

在建构主义教学视角下,前概念作为新知识的建构基础,具有举足轻重的作用,受到了国际科学教育界的持续关注.从前概念、测评工具以及概念转变的教学策略3个方面对功和机械能概念的研究进行梳理.研究显示,学生关于功和机械能前概念的理解主要集中在基本定义、大小、正负(方向)和变化量等方面.为了测量功和能量的前概念,研究者开发了能量和动量概念调查表、能量概念清单和能量概念评估表等测评工具;针对学生的前概念,主要有认知冲突型和脚手架型2种建构主义教学策略来促进学生的概念转变.通过对功和机械能前概念的系统梳理,能够为该主题和其他前概念的深入研究提供借鉴,从而为素养时代物理观念的培养带来有益启示.

From the perspective of constructivism teaching,preconceptions play an important role and have attracted the continuous attention of the international science education community as the construction basis of new knowledge. The research on the preconceptions of work and mechanical energy is reviewed and summarized in three main areas,including preconceptions,evaluation tools and teaching strategies of concept transformation. It is found that students’ understanding of preconceptions of work and mechanical energy has commonly existing difficulties among on the basic definition,size,positive and negative(direction)and variation. For effective measurement of these preconceptions for work and energy,researchers developed a variety of assessment tools such as energy and momentum concept survey,energy concept inventory,energy concept assessment. For students’ preconcepts,there are mainly two constructivist teaching strategies with emphasis on cognitive conflict and scaffolding to promote students’ concept transformation. Through the systematic combing of the preconcepts of work and mechanical energy,it can provide references for in-depth research on this topic and other preconcepts,so as to bring beneficial enlightenment to the cultivation of physical concepts under the current emphasis of science literacy.