中国科层制的情感属性:源流、定位与比较

The Emotional Attribute in Chinese Bureaucracy: Origin,Orientation and Comparison

不同于韦伯意义上的理性科层制,中国科层制兼具理性与情感两种属性。其中,理性属性具有科层内向性,主要表现为科层制内部理性化的组织结构和运行机制,这是各国科层制的共同特征;情感属性具有社会外向性,主要表现为科层制与群众之间的情感互动关系,这是中国科层制的特殊性。相对于民主行政、行政伦理/行政道德、情绪劳动等概念,在实现科层制与社会的外部互动方面,中国科层制的情感属性呈现出人格化、特殊化的显性特征和拟家化的隐性特征。对于中国科层制的发展方向,特别是在科层制与社会的外部关系上,有必要超越理性科层制的概念框架,在概念内涵层面为情感属性寻找更为充足的理论空间,在治理实践层面强化科层制和社会的情感互动,构建更为良善的国家治理格局,进一步体现中国政治制度的比较优势。

Different from Weber’s rational bureaucracy,Chinese bureaucracy has both rational and emotional attributes. Among them,the rational attributes are bureaucratically introverted,a common feature mainly reflected in the rational organizational structure and operation mechanism within the bureaucratic system in various countries. Emotional attributes on the other hand,are socially extroverted,demonstrated as the emotional interaction between bureaucracy and the masses,particularly in China.In the external interaction between bureaucracy and society,the emotional attribute of Chinese bureaucracy presents the explicit characteristics of personification and specialization,and the implicit characteristics of domestication,compared with concepts such as democratic administration,administrative ethics/administrative morality,and emotional labor. Theoretically speaking,for the future development of China’s bureaucracy,it is necessary to go beyond the conceptual framework of rational bureaucracy,leaving more theoretical space for emotional attributes,especially in the external relationship between bureaucracy and society. For a better national governance pattern,it is equally important to strengthen the emotional interaction between bureaucracy and society at the governance practice level,thus furthering the comparative advantages of China’s political system.