“所有权—权能调整”框架下中国农村土地制度百年变迁的评价标准建构

Construction of Evaluation Criteria for the Centennial Change of Rural Land System of China in the Framework of “Ownership-Power Adjustment”

纵观农村土地制度改革的百年历程,其呈现出摸索、确立、改革和完善的总体特征。从新民主主义革命时期的制度摸索,到社会主义革命和建设新时期的制度确立,再到改革开放和现代化建设时期的制度改革,直至中国特色社会主义新时代的制度完善,中国农村土地制度的百年变迁衍生出中国独具特色的产权结构。结合马克思土地产权理论,通过构建“所有权—权能调整”分析框架,本文试图为农村土地制度改革总结出一种评判标准。根据此标准,我国农村土地制度百年变迁可以分裂为两种机制:一类是劳动者与生产资料直接结合的激励相容较强机制,二类是劳动者与生产资料间接结合的激励相容较弱机制。于未来农村土地制度改革而言,识别并选择激励相容较强的产权机制是具备重要现实意义的课题。

Throughout the century-long history of its reform, the rural land system shows the overall characteristics of exploration, establishment, reform and improvement.From the institutional exploration in the period of the new democratic revolution, to the institutional establishment in the period of socialist revolution and construction, to the institutional reform in the new period of reform and opening-up and modernization, and finally to the institutional perfection in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the centennial change of rural land system has derived the unique property rights structure in China.Combined with Marx’s theory of land property rights, this paper attempts to summarize the evaluation criteria for rural land system reform by constructing an analysis framework of “ownership-power adjustment”.According to the criteria, the centennial change of rural land system of China can be divided into two mechanisms: the first one is a strong incentive-compatible mechanism in which laborers and means of production are directly combined, and the second one is a weak incentive-compatible mechanism in which laborers and means of production are indirectly combined.For the future reform of the rural land system, identifying and selecting a property rights mechanism with strong incentive compatibility is a topic with important practical significance.