新型陶瓷涂层的制备、结构调控及应用研究进展

Research Progress on Preparation,Structure Control and Applications of Novel Ceramic Coatings

陶瓷材料在特定应用场合下常需针对性地改善其某项性能,如抗氧化、耐烧蚀、吸波/透波特性等,一种有效的解决方案是在陶瓷材料表面制备具有特殊性能的陶瓷涂层,如热障涂层、环境障涂层等。陶瓷涂层的常用制备方法包括气相沉积法、热喷涂法、溶胶-凝胶法等。目前,针对单一涂层的制备工艺已具备较为成熟的基础,研究者通过辅助增强改进或不同工艺结合等方法,加强对涂层结构的调控,从而实现性能的进一步优化。近年来,探索具有优异性能的新涂层体系以及对涂层成分、结构的精确调控成为了陶瓷涂层研究的热点。稀土化合物本身具备优异的性能,且具有独特的掺杂改性效果,广泛应用于热/环境障涂层;MAX相陶瓷兼具金属及陶瓷的优点,制备的抗氧化涂层具备优异的自愈合特性;此外,在复相陶瓷涂层体系中,实现不同相之间的互补效应,能够发挥其各自的优点。为解决单层涂层功能单一、与基体匹配性差等问题,研究者设计了不同的新型陶瓷涂层结构。多层涂层中,过渡层的引入显著提高了涂层与基体的结合强度;梯度涂层中,涂层与基体之间的成分浓度、热膨胀系数等呈梯度分布,可有效防止涂层失效;纳米相增强涂层中,纳米增强相的引入可抑制裂纹的产生和扩展,从而显著提高涂层的韧性。本文对以上陶瓷涂层的制备工艺、材料体系和结构调控等研究进展进行了概述,在此基础上对陶瓷涂层在抗高温氧化、耐烧蚀、吸波/透波等方面的应用进行了介绍,最后对相关研究领域的前景进行了展望。

Certain properties of ceramic materials often need to be improved in specific applications,such as oxidation resistance,ablation resistance and wave absorption/transmission characteristics. An effective solution is to prepare ceramic coatings with special properties on the surface of the ceramic material,such as thermal barrier coatings,environmental barrier coatings,etc. The common preparation methods of ceramic coatings include vapor deposition,thermal spraying,sol-gel method and so on. At present,the preparation process of a single coating has a relatively mature foundation. Researchers have strengthened the control of the coating structure through auxiliary enhancement improvements or the combination of different processes,so as to achieve further optimization of performance.In recent years,the exploration of new coating systems with excellent properties and the precise control of coating composition and structure have become a hot spot in the research of the ceramic coatings. The rare earth compound itself has excellent properties and unique doping modification effects,and is widely used in thermal/environmental barrier coatings;MAX phase ceramics have the advantages of both metal and ceramic materials,and exhibit excellent self-healing properties as anti-oxidation coatings. In addition,in the multi-phase ceramic coating system,the complementary effects between different phases can be realized and their respective advantages can be exerted. In order to solve the problems of single-layer coating with single function and poor matching with the substrate,the researchers have designed different new ceramic coating structures. In the multi-layer coatings,the introduction of the transition layer significantly improves the bonding strength between the coating and the substrate;in the gradient coatings,the component concentration and the thermal expansion coefficient between the coating and the substrate are distributed in a gradient,which can effectively prevent the coating from failing. In the nano-phase reinforced coatings,the introduction of the nanoreinforcing phase can inhibit the generation and propagation of the cracks,thereby significantly improving the toughness of the coatings.In this article,the research progress of preparation technology,material system and structure control of the above ceramic coatings are summarized. On this basis,the applications of the ceramic coatings in high temperature oxidation resistance,ablation resistance,wave absorption/wave transmission,etc. are introduced,and finally the prospects of the related research fields are expected.