中美失智老年人照料单元空间设计对比研究

Comparative Study on the Spatial Design of Senior Dementia Care Units in the United States and China

梳理了美国20世纪50年代至今失智老年人照料设施以及照料单元空间设计的发展趋势与特点,对比中国失智老年人照料设施照料单元空间设计的现状特点,提出相应的借鉴做法。选取美国不同时期失智老年人照料设施建设的典型案例,发现其发展趋势为:从注重医护效率的“精神病院模式”,到专门的“失智老年人照护单元(SCU)”,进一步发展强调居家氛围的“介助生活Assisted Living”,一直发展到当今进一步强调老人精神和情感需求的“记忆照护单元模式Memory Care Unit”。这一过程体现了从强调“医护效率”到“以老人为中心”的根本转变。对比中国典型失智老年照料设施案例,借鉴中美失智老年人照料单元空间设计特点。中国失智老年人照料设施与照料单元的空间设计可以在建设规模、公共空间、户外环境等方面,借鉴美国的建设发展经验。

In this study,academic research and historical evolutions of senior dementia care facilities in the United States since the 1950s were investigated,and the space design of such facilities across different periods was discussed thoroughly.Moreover,the construction status and existing space design features of senior dementia care facilities in 21st-century China were analyzed.On this basis,this study discusses how to design high-quality living environment for Chinese senior people with dementia and help them to have fulfilling lives with references to experiences in developed countries.Research and construction conditions of senior dementia care facilities in the U.S.since the 1950s were reviewed using literature review and case studies.Seven typical cases of senior dementia care facilities in the U.S.during different periods were chosen to analyze development trend and features of nursing space design from the perspectives of construction scale,planar layout,residential layout,functional structure,living room decoration,and location of nursing centers.Subsequently,seven typical senior dementia care facilities in 21st-century China were chosen for comparison.A quantitative comparison of the design characteristics of senior dementia care facilities and nursing unit spaces in China and the U.S.was carried out from perspectives of plane layout,room type(single room,double room and multi-beds room),floor area proportion of rooms,floor area per bed,area proportion of living room area,location of nursing centers,and distance of nursing.On this basis,design strategies for senior dementia care facilities in the U.S.from which China can learn were summarized.This study found that the design and construction of senior dementia care facilities in the U.S has developed rapidly since the 1950s.it has experienced different modes of construction and its development stages can be summarized as follows:before the 1950s,seniors with dementia were viewed as psychopaths,and"medical efficiency-oriented"psychological hospitals—which paid close attention to nursing efficiency—performed a dominant role.In the 1970s,the construction of"senior caring units(SCU)s"began.In the 1980s-1990s,the"assisted living"mode of senior care with a home-like atmosphere was emphasized.Since the 1990s,the U.S.has begun adopting"memory care units,"which focus on the mental and emotional needs of the elderly.This development process reflects the fundamental changes in nursing philosophy which have occurred during this time,from focusing on"nursing efficiency"to adopting a"senior-centered"mode.With references to the development history of senior dementia care facilities in the U.S.,the construction of modern senior dementia care facilities in China as a result of its aging society can be described as follows:1)rapid construction of senior caring facilities,accompanied by great market demands;2)imbalanced development of senior dementia care facilities;and 3)lack of professional senior dementia care facilities.In this study,design features of senor dementia care units in China and the U.S.were compared.The senor dementia care facilities and caring unit space design will allow China to learn from the U.S.in term of construction scale,public space,and outdoor environment.