法秩序统一视野下敲诈勒索罪的认定

Determination of the Crime of Extortion from the Perspective of Unified Legal Order

在刑法适用过程中法秩序统一原理发挥着制约作用,民法中的合法行为是犯罪认定中的出罪事由(违法阻却事由)。如果一个行为属于民事上的行使权利行为,那么该行为就不存在刑事违法性,会因存在出罪事由而不成立犯罪。即使所有权人胁迫对方而取回被不法占有的本人财物,也不会成立敲诈勒索罪,因为没有侵害该罪的保护法益。在分析债权行使行为是否成立敲诈勒索罪时,需要综合考虑各种情节,如债权行使目的是否正当,行为在规范意义上能否被容忍,手段方式是否必要、相当,被害人是否有过错及其程度等。行使索赔权是一种行使民事权利的行为,因而是一种出罪事由,能够阻却敲诈勒索罪的违法性。在区分权利行使行为与敲诈勒索罪时,要综合考虑各种要素,不能仅根据个别要素便认定罪或非罪。

In the application of criminal law,the principle of unity in the legal order plays a governing role,and the legal act in civil law is a cause of decriminalization(a deterrent to illegality) in the determination of crime.If an act is a civil exercise of rights,then it is not criminally illegal and will not be criminalized due to the existence of a cause of decriminalization.Even if the owner coerces the other party and retrieves his own property that is wrongfully possessed,the crime of extortion will not be established because there is no violation of the legal interests protected by the provisions concerning the crime.In analyzing whether the act of exercising the right to claim the property is established as an extortion,it is necessary to consider various circumstances,such as whether the purpose of exercising the right to claim is justified,whether the act is tolerated in the normative sense,whether the means are necessary and match the purpose,and whether the victim is at fault and to what degree the victim is at fault.The exercise of the right to claim is an act of exercising civil rights,and thus is a cause of decriminalization that can deter the illegality of the crime of extortion.In distinguishing between the act of exercising rights and the crime of extortion,various elements should be considered comprehensively,and whether the act in question is a crime or not should not be determined based on individual elements alone.