机采棉模式下麦棉两熟配置方式对作物产量和棉花早熟性的影响

The effect of crop configuration between wheat and cotton on crop yield and cotton maturity under the machine-harvested cotton cropping mode

【目的】研究黄河流域棉区机采模式下麦棉配置方式对麦棉产量和棉花早熟性的影响,为麦棉配置方式下的全程机械化管理提供技术支撑。【方法】在76 cm机采棉标准行距的麦棉两熟制下,在河南安阳开展了2年田间试验(2017/2018和2018/2019年度),采用中棉所79和中棉所50,设置W2C1(2行小麦1行棉花)、W3C1(3行小麦1行棉花)和W6C2(6行小麦2行棉花)3种麦棉配置方式,比较和分析了小麦和棉花产量及其构成因素、小麦边行效应,以及棉花生物量,伏前桃、伏桃、秋桃比例,霜前花率和纤维品质主要指标等。【结果】W3C1的小麦产量显著高于W2C1和W6C2,分别高16.2%~43.3%和28.4%~52.3%;有效穗数分别高出29.2%~47.5%和34.9%~53.6%,差异达到显著水平;但W3C1小麦边行与内行的产量(2019年)、单位面积有效穗数(2018年)等指标的差异均显著低于W6C2。不同配置方式间棉花纤维长度、断裂比强度和马克隆值等指标差异均不显著。2年试验中,中棉所50的籽棉产量和收获指数在3种配置方式间均无显著差异,但中棉所79在W3C1下收获指数低于W6C2和W2C1。W3C1配置下,中棉所50较中棉所79节枝比低,生殖生长快,伏桃占比高,壳铃比低,收获指数高,霜前花率高出38.7~54.2百分点;该配置的土地当量比达1.689~1.697,显著高于其他配置方式。【结论】黄河流域麦棉两熟模式下采用W3C1配置与短季棉中棉所50搭配,麦棉系统的土地当量比高,棉花霜前花率高,小麦群体一致性好,增产显著;该配置方式有助于提高麦棉机械化管理水平和种植效益。

[Objective]The purpose of this study is to study the influence of cotton-wheat cropping modes on yield and cotton maturity in the Yellow River Basin,to provide technical support for the whole-process mechanization management under the machine-harvested cotton mode.[Method]The experiments were carried out in Anyang,Henan in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons including 6 treatments with 2 cotton varieties(ZM50,ZM79)and 3 cropping modes,W6C2(6 rows wheat and 2 rows cotton),W3C1(3 rows wheat and 1 row cotton)and W2C1(2 rows wheat and 1 row cotton)under the machine-harvested cotton row space(76 cm)cultivation.Some key indexes such as the wheat yield and side effects,and cotton biomass accumulation,the time distribution of cotton bolls,percentage of seed-cotton yield before frost,and fiber quality were compared and analyzed.[Result]The wheat yield was significantly higher in the mode W3C1 than the mode W2C1 and W6C2 by 16.2%-43.3%and 28.4%-52.3%respectively;the number of effective panicles significantly increased by 29.2%-47.5%and 34.9%-53.6%,respectively;however,the indexes such as wheat yield(2019)and effective panicles per hectare(2018)of W3C1 were significantly lower than W6C2.No significant differences in fiber length,breaking tenacity,and micronaire were found among different cropping modes.There was no significant difference in the seed cotton yield and harvest index(HI)of ZM50 under different modes,while the seed cotton yield and HI of ZM79 in the mode W3C1 in 2018 was lower than that in W6C2 and W2C1.Under W3C1 mode,short season cotton ZM50,compared with ZM79,showed an earlier maturity performance,such as a lower node/branch ratio,and faster reproductive growth,higher ratio of the middle season bolls between July 16 and August 15,lower cotton boll shell ratio,and higher percentage of seed-cotton yield before frost by 38.7%-54.2%;moreover,land equivalent ratio(LER)of this mode is over 1.689-1.697,significantly higher than other modes.[Conclusion]It is suggested that under the machine-harvested cotton row space in the Yellow River Basin,adopting the short-season cotton ZM50 and mode W3C1 can obtain a higher LER and percentage of seed-cotton yield before frost,and is conducive to increasing crop uniformity and yield of wheat.So,taking this configuration for wheat-cotton cropping in the Yellow River Basin is helpful to improve the mechanized management level of the crops and the planting benefit.