失业救助的国际实践与经验借鉴

International Practice and Experience in Unemployment Assistance

加强困难群体就业兜底帮扶是实施就业优先战略的重要内容。面对以新冠疫情为代表的重大公共卫生突发事件,低收入群体遭受着严重的失业风险以及就业冲击,针对低收入群体开展失业救助已经成为世界各国政府广泛实践的政策议题。梳理世界主要国家的失业救助体系,发现世界主要国家分别依托专项失业救助、社会救助以及失业保险制度,开展了多元化的失业救助实践,并呈现出救助内容多元化、救助措施精细化以及救助实施协同化的特点,对我国具有借鉴意义。对于后疫情时代低收入群体的失业救助,建议增设失业救助金制度以实现救助常态化,完善救助对象的细分类型以实现救助精细化,理顺制度体系与实践主体的关系以实现救助协同化,进行针对性应对。

Increasing employment assistance for disadvantaged groups is an important part of the implementation of the employment first strategy.In the face of major public health emergencies represented by COVID-19,low-income groups are facing serious risks of unemployment and employment shocks.In this context,unemployment relief for low-income groups has become a policy issue widely practiced by governments all over the world.After sorting out the unemployment assistance systems of the major countries in the world,the study found that the major countries in the world respectively rely on the special unemployment assistance,social assistance and unemployment insurance systems,carried out diversified unemployment assistance practices,and presented the characteristics of diversified relief content,refined relief measures and coordinated relief implementation.These practices can be used as reference for our country.For the unemployment relief of low-income groups in the post-epidemic era,it is suggested to add unemployment relief bonus system to realize the normalization of relief,improve the subdivision types of relief objects to realize the refinement of relief,straighten out the relationship between the system and practice subjects to realize the coordination of relief,and carry out targeted responses.