权利侵犯说视野下法定犯的立法限制与司法限缩

On the Legislative Limitation and Judicial Restraint of Statutory Offenses from the Perspective of the Doctrine of Right Infringement

法益侵害说作为刑罚扩张事由在司法实践中为法定犯提供全面辩护导致其陷入适用困境,应该由权利侵犯说代替其承担法定犯的立法批判和司法限缩的功能。权利是一种类型化的法益,义务是权利的前提并且是由道德规范所赋予的,因此权利是连接道德义务与法律利益的桥梁,刑法也必然具有道德属性。基于权利侵犯说理论,在立法限制层面,法定犯的设置前提是行为间接上侵犯了个人权利,用权利侵犯说代替法益侵害说作为法定犯的刑事立法基础,依据个人权利区分法定犯与行政犯,并且基于道德规范来限制法定犯设立。在司法限缩层面,权利侵犯说要求法定犯在司法适用中进行形式和实质的双重限缩,在形式上,基于前置法与权利的联系判断限缩适用的范围,并在解释入罪过程中发挥刑法的补充性解释作用;在实质上,以法定犯在间接上侵犯个人权利作为司法解释的基础,并依据个人权利来限缩抽象危险犯的司法适用。

As a cause of penalty expansion,the doctrine of infringement upon legal interest provides a comprehensive defense for statutory offenses in judicial practice and leads to predicaments of their application,thus it is necessary to use the doctrine of right infringement to serve as the substitute for the doctrine of infringement upon legal interest to take over the functions of legislative criticism and judicial restraint of statutory offenses.Right is a kind of categorized legal interest,and obligation is the premise of right and endowed by moral norms,therefore right is a bridge connecting moral obligation and legal interest,and the criminal law would inevitably enjoy moral attribute.Based on the doctrine of right infringement,at the level of legislative limitation,the premise of setting forth statutory offenses is that the behavior indirectly infringes on individual rights,and the doctrine of right infringement is used to replace the doctrine of infringement upon legal interest as the basis for criminal legislation on statutory offenses to distinguish statutory offenses from regulatory offenses according to individual rights and limit the establishment of statutory offenses based on moral norms.At the level of judicial restraint,the doctrine of right infringement requires double restraints,i.e.substantial and formal restraints,to be conducted in judicial application of statutory offenses.In the formal sense,the scope of restrictive application is determined on basis of the connection between the predicate law and the right,and the criminal law plays a role in the supplementary interpretation in the process of incrimination.In the substantial sense,the judicial interpretation is based on the indirect infringement upon individual rights by statutory offenses,and the judicial application of offenses with abstract danger is restrained according to individual rights.