日本古代太阳鸟信仰论考——兼论与中国古代崇鸟文化的关联

A Study of Ancient Japanese Bird-sun Belief and Ancient Chinese Bird Culture:On the Worship of Bird Culture by Ancient Chinese

日本古代太阳鸟信仰具有常世长鸣鸟“、鸟-太阳-巨木”结构、八尺乌等三项主要内容。通过分析史料、考古资料,考察民俗资料可知:常世长鸣鸟是招引亡魂从他界回归现世的神鸡,体现了向阳复生的生死观念,与我国古代南方地区“逐阴导阳”“驱邪禳解”的鸡文化有渊源关系;“鸟-太阳-巨木”结构由鸟与太阳的主使关系及太阳与立柱的依附关系环扣而成,或源于我国以鸟、柱、太阳为象征的长江文明;八尺乌是三足乌日象,是对汉代作为承天受命高级祥瑞的三足乌日象的吸收和继承。太阳鸟信仰与弥生鸟崇拜具有不同的外来文化接受系统,这表明古代东亚文化传播具备多源头、多阶段的特征。

The ancient Japanese Bird-sun belief has three main contents:Tokoyo no naganakidori,"bird-sun-giant wood"structure and Yatagarasu.Based on an analysis of the relevant ancient books,folk custom and archaeological documents,this paper finds that the Tokoyo no naganakidori is a chicken,which has the function of evoking the soul,shows the concept of being reborn by the sun’s power and is connected with the old belief of chickens in southern China.The structure of"bird-sungiant wood"is formed by the relationship between the bird and the sun and the attachment between the sun and the column;it originates from the Yangtze River civilization symbolized by birds,columns and the sun;Yatagarasu originated from the Threelegged Golden Crow in the Han Dynasty,being an imaginary creature representing auspiciousness by absorbing the Threelegged Golden Crow in order to accept orders from heaven,it subsequently became the key for Emperor Jinmu to complete the founding of the country.The Bird-sun belief and the Yayoi birdhood belief have different foreign cultural acceptance systems,which reveals that the ancient East Asian cultural transmission has the characteristics of multiple sources and stages.