元代大运河沿线水闸的建造与管理

Research on the Construction and Management of Sluices along Yuan Dynasty’s Grand Canal

为保证大运河的漕运通畅,元代积极整修运河沿线的水闸。结合任仁发的《水利集》、方志、元人文集中的修闸碑刻以及遗址考古实物,可以发现,元代大运河沿线水闸早期多为木闸、后期多为石闸,建闸工程多为春季开工、夏季竣工,各闸形制规模基本相同。就管理而言,元代大运河沿线水闸的主管机构有属于中央官署的都水监及其派出机构分都水监、行都水监。元代官方对运河水闸的管理主要为使用“水则”启闭水闸与通过“石则”控制通航船只的大小。从整体来看,元代大运河沿线水闸的管理呈现闸官数量冗余、通行状况不佳、管理水平低下以及管理制度屡遭破坏等现象,故其在中国古代运河管理史上的地位不宜高估。

In order to ensure the smooth transportation of the Grand Canal,the Yuan Dynasty actively renovated the sluices along the canal.Form Ren Renfa's“Collected Works on Water Conservancy”,local chronicles,inscriptions of renovating the sluices in the Yuan Dynasty's anthologies and the archaeological objects of sites,it can be found that sluices along Yuan Dynasty’s Grand Canal are mostly wooden in the early period but mostly stone in later times.Besides,the sluice construction projects are mostly started in spring and completed in summer,and the shape and scale of the sluices are basically the same.In terms of management,the competent organizations of sluices along Yuan Dynasty’s Grand Canal include the Dushuijian which belongs to the central government and its dispatching branches—the Fen Dushuijian and the Xing Dushuijian.The official management measures of that time were mainly the application of“Shui ze”which can open and close the sluices and“Shi ze”which can control the size of navigable vessels through the sluices.Generally speaking,the management of sluices along Yuan Dynasty’s Grand Canal shows some problems such as redundant officials,poor water traffic conditions,low level of management and repeated destruction of the management system.So,its status in ancient Chinese canal management system should not be overestimated.