跨境电子取证的欧盟方案及启示

EU’s Approach to Cross-border Electronic Evidence Collection and Its Enlightenment to China

欧盟治理网络犯罪离不开构建高效的跨境电子取证机制,但遭遇传统司法协助机制不彰、网络服务提供者参与缺位、美国推行直接调取域外电子证据新规的三重挑战。在新的历史时期,欧盟积极寻求制度变革,推出了由不同成员国执法机关承认和执行的欧洲调查令,并推动构建面向网络服务提供者的欧洲提交保存令。它们是追求实现不同国家间良好分享电子证据的分层级工具,后者适应网络空间无国境性的办案需要因而更具创新的影响力。以此为契机,欧盟还同美国启动了兼顾双方法律要求的跨境电子取证机制。就共性而言,欧美的做法均在拓展“非中介获取模式”,亦即由根据数据存储地确定管辖的属地原则向依靠数据控制者的属人主义转型。我国应当密切关注由此引发的效应,提炼符合国际共识和中国智慧的经验,完善跨境电子取证规则。

To fight cybercrime,EU has an efficient legal mechanism for cross-border electronic evidence collection.However,it is now encountering three challenges:the traditional MLA processes are too slow,the ISPs are not regulated to join in crime investigation,and the United States has set up a new rule for ordering ISPs to produce extraterritorial electronic evidence.EU is actively seeking institutional changes,including not only introducing European Investigation Order(EIO)admitted and implemented by judicial authority in different Member States,but also speeding up the construction of European Production and Preservation Order(EPO)for ISPs.Those are the two hierarchical legal tools for the pursuit of good sharing of electronic evidence between different countries.The latter derives from the need of law enforcement in the borderless cyberspace and has greater innovative influence.Taking this as an opportunity,the EU and the United States also launched consultations on the cross-border electronic evidence collection mechanism that takes into account the legal requirements of both sides.In general,EU and United States are in common expanding the“Unmediated Access Model.”In other words,their practices are currently undergoing a transformation from the logic of territoriality(in the sense of linking jurisdiction to enforce with the location of data)to the principle of nationality(in the sense of relying on data controllers).China should pay attention to this phenomenon and its effects,extract the experiences of international consensus and of Chinese wisdoms,and improve the evidence rules of cross-border electronic evidence collection.