清至民国时期洛阳地区民间合会研究

A Study on the“Hehui”in Luoyang from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China

合会是中国古代为解决日常生活中资金短缺问题、由普通民众集资而成的民间组织。洛阳地区的合会可分为四种:保险互助型、宗教祭祀型、经济互助型、放贷营利型。前两种是有定向目的的合会,可为会众提供财、物、人力等方面的帮助,发展过程中因被富户所掌握而逐渐衍生出放贷、租赁业务。后两种是非定向的,基于会众之间形成相互的借贷关系而维持运行。其中,放贷营利型合会对外参与民间借贷比较频繁,甚至涉及高利贷。合会的建立依赖于人情,但运行过程中又面临人情所带来的负面作用,这种矛盾促使合会形成了一套以“人情劝导”逻辑为核心的规范。

“Hehui”was a non-governmental association raised by ordinary people in ancient China to solve the problem of fund shortage in daily life.“Hehui”in Luoyang can be divided into four types:insurance mutual aid,religious sacrifice,economic mutual aid and loan for profit.The first two are targeted associations,which can provide financial,material and human assistance to the member.In the process of development,loan and leasing businesses are gradually derived because they are controlled by rich households.The latter two are non-directional associations,whose internal operation is maintained based on the formation of mutual lending and borrowing relationships among members.The“loan for profit association”participates in private lending more frequently,even involving usury.“Hehui”depends on human relations,but in the process of operation,it faces the negative effects brought by relations.This contradiction promotes the“Hehui”to form a set of norms with the logic of“persuading with human kindness”as the core.