英格兰公簿农的来源与转变

The Origin and Transition of Copyholders in England

诺曼征服后,英格兰农民的身份不断变化:从12到16世纪,其群体身份由村民转变为维兰佃户,再转变为公簿农,之后又朝着租地农的方向发展。群体身份转变的基础是个体身份的转变。由于土地市场化程度与经济社会发展水平的地区性差异,各地农民个体身份转变的步调并不相同。即便在同一地区,农民群体身份的转变也并非一轮接一轮地进行,而是在每轮转变尚未完成之际,新一轮的转变即已开始。农民主体身份的转变是英格兰经济社会发展水平的重要体现。重塑这一转变过程,可以揭示出中世纪土地市场化进程在微观层面上的复杂性,从而帮助我们更好地理解当时经济社会发展的宏观趋势。

After the Norman Conquest,the identity of majority peasants changed continuously in Medieval England.From the 12^(th) to 16^(th) century,their collective identity changed several times:villagers,villein tenants,copyholders,and finally developed towards leaseholders in the following period.The transition of collective identity was based on the transition of individual identity.However,due to the regional differences in the degree of land marketization and social-economic development,the transition of peasants’individual identity was not synchronous.Even in the same region,the transition of peasants’collective identity was not carried out one round after another,but a new round of transition had begun before the completion of last one.The transition of the identity of majority peasants importantly reflected the level of social-economic development in England.Reshaping this transition process can reveal the complexity of medieval land marketization progress at the micro level,which will help us better understand the macro trends of social-economic development at that time.