数据财产权存续期限的设置问题

Study on Setting the Duration of Data Property Right

存续期限系权利的限制,旨在赋予权利在一定期限内受到法律保护。存续期限届满法益消灭,失去受法律排他性保护的资格。存续期限被广泛应用于现代知识产权制度,但是数据财产权的限制不宜通过设置法定存续期限实现。在经济视角下,数据的财产价值本身即具有时效性,会随产业中可替代数据的增多而逐渐贬值。为数据财产权设置法定存续期限还会导致权利人陷入“囚徒困境”,在权利期限届满之前删除相关数据,无法实现数据资源共享的制度目的。在法律层面上,数据财产权的基础是自力控制而非法律拟制,即使存续期限届满,法律保护之力消失,主体的自力控制不会因此而消灭,数据资源不会自动进入公有领域。数据财产权的排他性以及因之形成的垄断效应相对较低,相较于为数据财产权设定法定的存续期限,通过调整法律对数据财产权的保护强度,限制数据财产权内容的做法更为适当。

The duration is the restriction of the rights,which aims to give rights to be protected by law within a certain period.At the end of the duration,legal interests will be eliminated and the exclusive protection by law will be disqualified.The duration is widely used in intellectual property system,but the restriction of data property right should not be realized by setting legal term of existence.On the economic perspective,the property value of data itself is time-sensitive and will gradually depreciate with the increase of substitutable data in the industry.Setting the legal duration of data property rights will also lead the right holders into a"prisoner's dilemma",in which the relevant data will be eliminated before the expiration of the duration,which cannot achieve the institutional purpose of data resource sharing.On the legal level,the basis of data property right is self-control rather than legal fictionalization.Even if the duration expires and the power of legal protection eliminated,the self-control of the subject will not be eliminated,and the data resources will not automatically enter the public domain.The exclusivity of data property right and the resulting monopoly effect are relatively low.Comparing with setting the duration of data property right,it is more appropriate to restrict the content of data property right by adjusting the strength of its legal protection.