格沃斯对于道德规范性的论证及其理论困难

Gewirth’s Justification for the Normativity of Morality and Its Difficulties

格沃斯的“道德最高原则”是用于指导行为的最高标准。“道德最高原则”的推导过程为道德规范性的论证提供了独特方案:格沃斯借助“辨证必要方法”,从行动性的基本特征推导出行动者不得不认可的价值,继而借助“逻辑普遍一致原则”和“行动性的充分性论证”,从个体行动者不得不认可的价值推导出普遍性的道德义务,即“道德最高原则”。格沃斯的论证体现了当代康德式论证方案的核心方法,同时又独具特色,为反思和评价“建构论”等其他康德式的论证方案提供了必要参照。同其他论证方案的比较研究显示,格沃斯的论证在从“事实”推导出“价值”的环节显示出明显优势,但其对于“公共理由”的推导则存在问题。格沃斯论证中的困难向我们揭示,除了必要善的必然欲求,理性行动者对于行动理由的需要同样是论证道德规范性的必要前提。

The supreme moral principle proposed by Alan Gewirth is the highest standard for judging action.The justification for the supreme moral principle offered special explanation for the normativity of morality:by dialectically necessary reasoning,Gewirth deduced the value that every agent has to hold from the natureof agency.Then by applying the“logical principle of universalizability”and“argument from the sufficiency of agency”,he deduced universal moral duty from the value that every agent has to hold.The moral theory ofGewirth showed the typical approach of Kantian program in ethics,while had its own unique characteristics.Itoffers a necessary frame of reference to evaluate other Kantian moral theories,like constructivism.Comparativestudy of those theories shows that Gewirth provided much better justification for what every agent should value,but his justification for public reason facing some difficulties.Those difficulties lead us to realize that,the sourceof normativity is not the necessary conditions for action alone,but should also conclude the need for reason ofaction.