叔本华哲学视域下“恶”的本质分析及反思

The Essence Analysis and Reflection on "Bad" of Schopenhauer’s Philosophy

从叔本华开始,非理性地探索世界的方式逐步显现在哲学家的思考中。叔本华从与黑格尔相反的路径来解读康德,通过对康德的批判构建了自己的意志哲学。意志是构成世界的本原这一思想,贯穿了叔本华思想的始终。叔本华从意志哲学的角度,发掘出了“恶”的本质内容:人作为意志最完美客体化的呈现因其在痛苦中的挣扎而使“恶”发生,从而表现出“非义”“利己”等特征,“恶”存在于人的欲求和冲动中并且以循环的方式不断呈现。唯独通过悟知性格使人达到艺术(音乐)的层面,人才能得以暂时摆脱表象规律的束缚。同时,在对叔本华哲学“恶”的剖析的基础上,进一步深化了对正义、强制等范畴的思考。

Since Schopenhauer, the irrational way to explore the world gradually appeared in the ideas of philosophers. Schopenhauer interpreted Kant from the opposite path to Hegel and constructed his own philosophy of will by criticizing Kant. The thought that will is the origin of the world runs through Schopenhauer’s thought. Schopenhauer discovered the essence of bad from the perspective of will philosophy: human as the perfect objectification of will makes bad happen because of his struggle in suffering, thus showing the characteristics of "wrong" and "egoistic", Bad exists in people’s desires and impulses and is presented in a circular way. Only by understanding personality to make people reach the level of art(music) can talents temporarily get rid of the principle of sufficient reason. At the same time, based on the analysis of Schopenhauer’s philosophy "bad", it further deepens the thinking of justice, compulsion and other categories.