世界三大湾区大气污染治理经验及对粤港澳大湾区的启示

The Experience of Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in International Advanced Bay Areas and Its Enlightenment to Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area in China

粤港澳大湾区作为中国经济活力最强的区域之一,在持续高速发展的同时大气污染问题也不断凸显,对公众健康和生态环境产生巨大的威胁。世界三大湾区(旧金山湾区、纽约湾区和东京湾区)在发展过程中也经历过严重的空气污染(尤其是以臭氧(O_(3))为主的光化学污染)。其中,旧金山湾区O_(3)污染的主要原因是高排放和不利的气象条件的共同加持作用;纽约湾区主要面临由高能源消耗所引起的O_(3)和PM_(2.5)的复合污染;而东京湾区则是由经济高速发展所导致的光化学污染。面对当时严重的光化学污染,三大湾区在科学研究和技术研发的基础上,通过制定相关的政策法规和标准,协同降低O_(3)前体物(NOx和VOCs)的排放,从而有效解决了污染问题。相比于世界三大湾区,粤港澳大湾区当前的O_(3)污染仍然严峻。该文通过全面梳理三大湾区的空气污染治理措施和经验,对粤港澳大湾区的O_(3)污染治理提出以下几点建议:(1)完善大湾区O_(3)前体物精细化管控;(2)推动大湾区O_(3)前体物监测技术革新;(3)建立健全粤港澳三地跨境联防联控机制。该文通过分析世界三大湾区的空气污染成因、治理历程以及取得的经验,并在此基础上进一步总结了粤港澳大湾区空气质量管理的方法和经验,旨在推动建立具有中国特色的国际一流湾区空气质量管理体系。

As one of the regions with the strongest economic vitality in China,the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has been developing at a high speed.However,air pollution in this area has become increasingly severe,posing a threat to public health and the environment.The three bay areas overseas(San Francisco Bay Area,New York Bay Area and Tokyo Bay Area)have also experienced serious air pollution(especially photochemical pollution dominated by ozone(O_(3))).Among them,the O_(3) pollution in San Francisco Bay Area was mainly caused by the combined effects of high emission and adverse meteorological conditions;the New York Bay Area mainly suffered from the combined pollution of O_(3) and PM_(2.5) caused by high energy consumption;the Tokyo Bay Area experienced a photochemical pollution caused by the rapid economic development.In the face of serious photochemical pollution at that time,on the basis of scientific research and technological development,the three Bay areas cooperated to reduce the emission of O_(3) precursors(NOx and VOCs)via implementing relevant policies,regulations and standards,thus effectively solved the pollution problem.Compared with the three Bay areas overseas,the current O_(3) pollution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is still severe.This paper offers the following suggestions for the control of O_(3) pollution in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area by comprehensively combing the air pollution control measures and experiences in the three Bay areas:(1)Improve the control system of O_(3) precursor emission in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area;(2)promote the monitor of O_(3) precursor in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area;(3)establish and improve a cross-border joint prevention and control system among Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.Overall,our study summarizes the causes of air pollution,the treatment process and the experience gained in the three Bay areas overseas,and further suggests the methods and experience of air quality management in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,which aim to promote the establishment of an international first-class Bay area air quality management system with Chinese characteristics.