跨境追赃未定罪资产没收国际法律规则的流变

The Evolution of International Legal Rules on Cross Border Recovery of Corrupt and Non-conviction-based Assets Confiscation

未定罪资产没收主要是指不以定罪为前提而进行的没收。作为跨境打击洗钱、腐败、恐怖主义犯罪以及追缴犯罪资产的重要的手段,突破了以追究“人”的刑事责任为基础的传统规则,形成了相对独立且仅针对“犯罪资产”进行没收的特别规则。《联合国反腐败公约》率先确认并在国际社会大力推行未定罪资产没收国际法律规则。不过,该公约没有因循守旧或固守单一的法律传统,而是努力超越单一的法律传统,设置原则性的弹性规范,倡导将未定罪资产没收作为所有国家跨境打击腐败犯罪的超越体制差异的工具,默认各司法管辖区可能出现的阻碍未定罪资产没收实施的差异性立法与司法,并未强行要求完全统一化。随着各司法管辖区对未定罪资产没收国际法律规则的认可与实施,该规则在当前国际社会的发展变革逐渐呈现出正当化、普遍化、交叉化、多元化等走势。

Unconfirmed asset confiscation mainly refers to confiscation without conviction.As an important means of cross-border fight against money laundering,corruption,terrorist crimes and recovery of criminal assets,the key is to break through the traditional rules based on investigating the criminal responsibility of“people”and form a relatively independent special rule for confiscation of“criminal assets”.The United Nations Convention against Corruption took the lead in recognizing and vigorously promoting the implementation of international legal rules on the confiscation of non-conviction-based assets in the international community.However,the Convention does not stick to the old or a single legal tradition.Instead,it strives to go beyond a single legal tradition,sets up principled flexible norms,advocates taking the confiscation of non-conviction-based assets as a tool to transcend institutional differences in cross-border anti-corruption crimes in all countries,and acquiesces to the different legislation and jurisdiction that may appear in various jurisdictions that hinder the implementation of the confiscation of non-conviction-based assets,and does not force full unification.With the recognition and implementation of the international legal rule on the confiscation of non-conviction-based assets in various jurisdictions,the development and reform of this rule in the current international community has gradually shown a trend of legitimacy,universality,intersection and diversification.