船舶防污杀生剂的水生生物毒性和近海海域分布特征研究进展

Occurrence and aquatic organism toxicity of antifouling biocides in coastal environment

近年来,有关船舶防污杀生剂在水环境中的分布及生态影响已经引起了人们的广泛关注.本文对2005—2020年间全球水环境中6种典型船舶防污杀生剂(三丁基锡、Irgarol 1051、DCOIT、敌草隆、百菌清、苯氟磺胺)研究工作进行了调研和梳理,总结了典型船舶防污杀生剂的基本性质、非靶标水生生物的毒性效应、以及在水体环境中的分布特征.毒性作用结果显示,三丁基锡(TBT)是一种毒性很强的内分泌干扰化合物,会影响所有营养级的水生生物,并可能通过饮食摄入受污染的海产品进而对人体健康产生影响.Irgarol 1051、敌草隆、百菌清和DCOIT仅对生产者具有较强的毒性,而苯氟磺胺对水生生物的毒性则相对较小.对水生生物毒性的敏感性可归纳为TBT>Irgarol 1051>DCOIT>敌草隆>百菌清>苯氟磺胺.水环境中主要的船舶防污杀生剂为TBT、Irgarol 1051和敌草隆.亚洲和南美洲沿海地区的污染最为严重,并主要集中在港口、造船厂、渔港和码头等船舶活动频繁地区.尽管TBT已经禁止使用了10多年,但在韩国造船厂附近的沉积物中浓度高达2304 ng·g^(−1).在水环境中和选定的海洋生物中检测到较高的船舶防污杀生剂证明了这些化合物在航运系统的广泛应用,并对海洋生态系统造成威胁.因此,未来的工作中需要对船舶防污杀生剂进行持续的调查并结合各地区水生生物毒性特性,进行系统的生态风险评价,为制定切实可行的海洋生态环境保护措施提供科学依据.

In recent years,the distribution and ecological effects of marine antifouling biocides in the aquatic environment have attracted a lot of attention.In this paper,we investigated and reviewed six typical marine antifouling biocides in the global water environment during 2005—2020,and summarized the basic properties,toxic effects on non-target aquatic organisms,and distribution characteristics of typical marine antifouling biocides in the water environment.The toxicological effects showed that tributyltin(TBT)is a highly toxic endocrine-disrupting compound that affects aquatic organisms at all trophic levels and may affect human health through dietary intake of contaminated seafood.Irgarol 1051,diuron,chlorothalonil and DCOIT are only highly toxic to producers,while dichlofluanid is relatively less toxic to aquatic organisms.The sensitivity of toxicity to aquatic organisms can be summarized as TBT>Irgarol 1051>DCOIT>diuron>chlorothalonil>dichlofluanid.The major marine antifouling biocides in the aquatic environment are TBT,Irgarol 1051 and diuron.The pollutions in Asia and South America are most serious,especilly in the ports,shipyards,and docks with frequently ship activities.Although TBT has been banned for more than 10 years,the level in the shipyards sediment were as high as 2304 ng·g^(−1) in Korea.The detection of high levels of ship antifouling biocides in the aquatic environment and in selected marine organisms attests to the widespread use of these compounds in shipping systems and the threat they pose to marine ecosystems.Therefore,future work is needed to conduct a systematic ecological risk evaluation by continuously investigating ship antifouling biocides and combining them with the toxicity characteristics of aquatic organisms in each region,so as to provide a scientific basis for developing practical marine ecological protection measures.