从身份优惠到精准差别化支持——民族教育政策演变的内在逻辑

From Preferential Status to Targeted and Differentiated Support:Internal Logic of Evolution of the Ethnic Education Policy

对少数民族地区和少数民族学生实施教育优惠政策是我国社会主义制度的重要特征之一,也是我国公共教育政策的内容之一。我国政府对民族教育的支持政策从身份优惠发展为精准差别化支持,是在时代变迁与社会进步中不断发展演进的。我国已初步建立起以内地民族班(校)办学、中考、高考、高校民族预科班、“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”和民族地区师资队伍建设为主要内容的优惠政策体系。进入新时代以来,优惠政策从理念、内容及实施方式呈现新的样态。随着民族地区经济社会发展和各民族交往交流交融更加深入广泛,基于民族身份的无差别优惠政策存在的问题越加明显,致使教育机会均等失衡、民族差异固化以及政策实施效益较低;差别化支持政策的制定与实施以公平公正为主导,以增进共同性、尊重和包容差异性为基本原则;差别化支持政策淡化身份边界、注重绩效评估、强调实质教育公平;国家对民族教育要持续实施精准差别化支持政策,有效推动民族地区教育高质量发展是教育差别化支持政策改革发展的方向。

Since entering the new era,the preferential policies have presented new forms from the concept,content and implementation mode.Along with the economic and social development of ethnic areas and the deepening and widespread of exchanges and integration of various ethnic groups,the problems of undifferentiated preferential policies based on ethnic identity have become more and more obvious,resulting in the imbalance of equal educational opportunities,the solidification of ethnic differences and the low efficiency of policy implementation;the formulation and implementation of differentiated support policies is dominated by fairness and justice with basic principle of enhancing commonality,respect and tolerance for differences;differentiated support policies can alleviate status boundaries while focusing on performance evaluation,and emphasizing on substantive educational equity;the state should continue to implement targeted and differentiated support policies for ethnic education.Effectively promote the high-quality development of education in ethnic areas is the direction of the reform and development of the differentiated education support policies.