以免役诱民而取其钱?--宋代保甲乡役的成因与影响再研究

To Lure Households into Paying Taxes with Service Exemptions?A Re-study of the Causes and Effects of Baojia Rural Service in Song Dynasty

北宋熙丰、绍圣年间,在雇役法实践的背景下,新法所重塑的保甲组织逐渐融入职役中的乡役,所形成的“保甲乡役”成为新的职役重难,使史家将之视为雇役法变质、失败的体现。然而乡役本非雇役所针对的重点,保甲乡役的形成是地方官府为解决北宋中期以来,基层公共事务暴增与行政资源不足之矛盾而推行的简政节支措施之一。这些措施既不增加官吏编制,又能完成对基层更深入的控制与汲取,故得朝廷认可并将之制度化。从乡职到乡役再到保甲乡役,反映近古以来基层治理单位细密化、综合化及基层社会权力转换的趋.势,也体现国家、地方官府与基层社会在磨合中形成新的相互依存关系的过程。

During Shenzhong's reign,the personnel who belonged to the revived Baojia(保甲)organizations,which was also one of the achievements the New Policies(新法)that established in Shenzhong's reign,was seen displacing the previous village officers several years after the implementation of the Hired Service Policy,forming the new"Baojia Village Service system"(保甲乡役)in the rural area.In contrast to the general accusations of such integration,it was one of the measures initiated by the local government to simplify administration and save expenditures by a way that didn't increase the number of the bureaucratic civil officials.This change of the grassroots administration represented a trend that the grassroots governance units were smaller in jurisdiction,but more integrated in function,and a interdependence among the state,local government and grassroots society.