甲申之际的诗史与心史——以方以智《瞻旻》为中心

The History of Poetry and Mind in the Year of Jiashen——Centered on Fang Yizhi’s Poetry Collection Zhan Min

甲申年(1644)是明清易代历程中最为重要的一年,甲申之变后,大顺军建立政权,威压在京官员为其效力,有一些士大夫逃出北京,投奔南明弘光政权,却因为有“从逆”经历反遭南明政权拘捕。方以智作为明清之际重要的遗民之一,便身经北、南两都之难,具有一定代表性。方氏诗歌集《瞻旻》中的作品,记录了这一段经历。这些诗歌中有北京城破前后之史事,有方以智抛妻弃子、弃家南奔之心绪,有逃亡路途中“千里涂炭”之见闻,亦有其在南都横遭名捕后之愤懑与反思。方以智可谓以诗笔为史笔,在诗歌书写中饱含国难、家难、身难的种种历史细节,为研究此际士大夫命运与心态提供了典型个案。

The year of Jiashen(1644) was the most important year in the process of dynasty alternation from the Ming to the Qing.After the event in the year of Jiashen,the Dashun army built the regime and officials in Beijing were forced to work for it.Some scholar-bureaucrats escaped from Beijing and went to the Hongguang regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty for shelter,but they were arrested by the Southern Ming regime because of their "rebellious" experience.As one of the important adherents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Fang Yizhi was representative due to his experience of the disaster in the northern and southern capitals.This experience was recorded in the works of Fang’s poetry collection Zhan Min.In these poems,there are historical events before and after the breaking of Beijing,Fang Yizhi’s mood when he abandoned his wife and children and went to the south, "people in misery and suffering in 1000 Li" on the way to escape,and his anger and reflection after being arrested in the southern capital.Fang Yizhi recorded these historical events with poetry,and wrote historical details of national,family,and personal disasters in his poetry,which provided a typical case for the study on the fate and mentality of scholar-bureaucrats at that time.