美国白蛾在中国发生情况、林间防治现状及展望

Occurrence,Forest Control Status and Prospect of Fall-webworm(Hyphantria cunea Drury)in China

美国白蛾(Hyphantria cunea Drury)是一种高度多食性害虫,原产于北美洲,现分布于亚洲、欧洲和北美洲20多个国家和地区,自1979年传入我国后,对我国农林业生态系统尤其是园林植物造成了严重危害。统计《国家林业局公告》2011~2022年美国白蛾发生情况的结果表明,美国白蛾省级疫区数量由8个增加至14个,县级疫区由338个增至611个,累计危害的县级行政区为655个;至2022年,我国美国白蛾新增疫区已达到北纬30°85’(浙江省嘉兴市嘉善县),东经108°71’(陕西省西安市西咸新区沣西新城),与2011年相比向南扩展约4个纬度,向西扩展约4个经度。目前,美国白蛾的防治措施主要是利用性信息素进行监测和诱杀,辅以人工和物理防治,并以化学和生物防治为主。全面总结了目前美国白蛾的林间防治方法及防控效果,在此基础上,结合美国白蛾的扩散趋势,提出预测预警、因地制宜、综合治理的防控建议。此外,随着对美国白蛾防治新方法的探索,如取食偏好性、植物源杀虫剂、基因重组和RNAi技术,未来可以从营林措施、新型杀虫剂的开发及转基因技术等方面入手,对美国白蛾实施精准防控。

The fall-webworm,Hyphantria cunea,is a highly polyphagous insect pest that is native to North America and distributed in more than 20 countries and regions in Asia,Europe and North America.It has caused serious damages to agricultural and forestry,especially garden plants since it invaded China in 1979.According to the statistics of the occurrecnce of H.cunea in the announcement of the State Forestry Administration from 2011 to 2022,H.cunea has occurred from 8 provinces to 14,the number of county-level epidemic regions has increased from 338 to 611,with a cumulative damage of 655.By 2022,the new epidemic regions of H.cunea in China has reached 30°85’N(Jiashan,Jiaxing City,Zhejiang Province)and 108°71’E(Fengxi,Xixian District,Xi’an,Shaanxi Province)which widened its occurrence area by about 4 degrees in latitudes southward,and about 4 degrees in longitude westward compared with 2011.With the application of sex pheromones to monitor and trap,the management measures of H.cunea mainly include chemical and biological control,supplemented by artifical and physical control.The forest control methods and control effects were comprehensively summarized in this paper.In combination with the spreading trend and control methods of H.cunea,we put forward the control methods of forecast and warning,appropriate location and integrated management.In addition,with the exploration of new control metods of H.cunea,such as feeding preference,botanical insecticides,gene recombination and RNAi technology,H.cunea can be precisely controlled from the aspects of forest management measures,development of new pesticides and transgenic technology in the future.