传统营造中的材料智慧探析

Analysis of Materials’Wisdom in Traditional Construction

文章首先梳理了传统营造材料的主要类型和特性,指明了传统营造中材料的非匀质性及其劣化速率与环境好坏密切相关的特性,使匠师在营造中秉持实践理性的营造态度。进而阐述了匠师的用材策略:优材大用体现在大材重用、稀材显用等方面;劣材巧用体现为旧材降用、碎材拼用、弯材顺用等方面。最后对用材习俗进行了论述:包括吉材点用、凶材禁用和师法自然等方面。系统梳理和阐释传统营造的用材智慧对于我国建筑史研究和正在进行的营造活动有一定价值。

Firstly,the main types and characteristics of materials are summarized in traditional architecture.The heterogeneity and deterioration rate of main materials used in traditional construction are closely related to the environment,which makes the craftsman hold a practical and rational attitude in the process.Secondly,this paper summarizes the main types and characteristics of traditional building materials,and illustrates the craftsmen's concepts of materials,that high-quality materials are used in important places,the precious materials used in conspicuous places,the auspicious materials used in special places,the old materials used in the lower level places,and flexible use of bending materials.Thirdly,the lucky materials are used in handiness intersperse,the vicious materials are forbidden in some place,and the wodden pillars are used in accordance with the trees in nature.From the perspective of materials,combing and explaining the spiritual heritage in the traditional construction.This paper has certain reference value for the ongoing rural construction activities in China.