植物新品种保护制度:历史演变与经验启示

The Protection System of New Plant Varieties: Historical Evolution and Experience Enlightenment

在梳理植物新品种保护制度的历史演变与发展现状基础上,总结国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)不同时期植物新品种保护制度的发展特征,进一步从制度变迁视角分析美国、日本、欧洲植物新品种保护制度的发展经验。研究发现,农业生产要素和植物新品种相对价格的变动引致植物新品种保护制度的产生;育种技术进步和新品种市场规模的扩大推动政府对新品种保护制度不断改革完善;美国和日本、欧洲的法律渊源不同,但各国法律和新品种规范性行为准则的改变促使政府对新品种保护制度不断调整;政府对新品种保护制度的设计成本和制度安排实施的预期成本越低,越有利于新品种保护制度的推行。基于此,提出中国植物新品种保护制度建设应适应农业发展、主动保证科技型种业企业规模发展的需要,提高法律位阶、有效完善品种鉴定与检测认证的法规体系,落实司法保护、加大种业知识产权法定范围内惩罚性赔偿等政策启示。

Based on the historical evolution and development status of the protection system of new plant varieties, this paper summarized the development characteristics of the protection system of new plant varieties in different periods of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants(UPOV), and further analyzed the development experience of the protection system of new plant varieties in the United States, Japan and Europe from the perspective of institutional change. It is found that the changes of agricultural production factors and relative prices of new plant varieties lead to the emergence of the protection system of new plant varieties;the progress of breeding technology and the expansion of new variety market promoted the government to reform and improve the new variety protection system;the legal sources of the United States, Japan and Europe are different, but the change of laws and normative codes of conduct of new varieties in various countries has prompted the government to constantly adjust the protection system of new varieties;The lower the government’s design cost and the lower the expected cost of institutional arrangement, the more beneficial the new variety protection system will be. Based on this, this paper puts forward the construction of the protection system of new plant varieties in China should adapt to the agricultural development,take the initiative to ensure that the needs of the development of seed industry enterprises scale, improve the legal level, effectively improve the regulatory system for variety identification and testing certification, implement judicial protection and increase punitive compensation within the legal scope of intellectual property rights in the seed industry such as policy implications.