量子纠缠和贝尔不等式及其在量子信息处理中的应用

Quantum entanglement,Bell inequality and their applications in quantum information processing

1964年,爱尔兰数学家约翰·贝尔(John Bell)根据隐变量理论推导出了2个粒子系统的测量结果应该满足的不等式关系和所涉及的测量基本逻辑.法国科学家阿兰·阿斯佩(Alain Aspect)、美国科学家约翰·克劳泽(John Clauser)和奥地利科学家安东·蔡林格(Anton Zeilinger)分别从实验上证伪了该不等式.贝尔不等式的证伪宣告了隐变量理论的终结,展示了量子纠缠的奇特性质.为表彰他们在“纠缠光子实验、验证违反贝尔不等式和开创量子信息科学”方面所做出的贡献,瑞典皇家科学院将2022年诺贝尔物理学奖授予这3位科学家.本文概述了量子纠缠的概念和贝尔不等式的推导,介绍了2022年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者的代表性研究工作,并展示了量子技术的可能应用.

In 1964,Irish mathematician John Bell derived an inequality that the measurement results of the two particles must satisfy based on the hidden variable theory.French scientist Alain Aspect,American scientist John F.Clauser,and Austrian scientist Anton Zeilinger independently performed experiments to check the Bell inequality.The violation of Bell inequalities indicated that the hidden variable theory was wrong,and the experiments showed the peculiar properties of quantum entanglements.The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2022 would be awarded to the three scientists for their contributions to“experiments with entangled photons,verifying violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science”.In this paper,we briefly reviewed the concept of quantum entanglement and the derivation of Bell inequalities,as well the representative research work of the 2022 Nobel Prize in physics winners,and demonstrated the possible applications of quantum technology.