PKC-SWI6 signaling regulates asexual development,cell wall integrity,stress response,and lifestyle transition in the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora

Predatory fungi possess intricate signal transduction systems that regulate their development and support successful infection of the host.Herein,we characterized three components of the cell wall integrity-controlling pathway,namely protein kinase C(Ao PKC),SLT2-MAPK(Ao SLT2),and SWI6(Ao SWI6),in a representative nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora,using gene disruption and multi-omics approaches.The phenotypic traits(such as mycelia development,conidiation,stress response,and trap morphogenesis) and metabolic profiles of ΔAopkc and ΔAoswi6 mutants were similar but differed from those of the ΔAoslt2 mutants.Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the genes differentially expressed in the absence of Aoswi6 were involved in DNA replication,repair,and recombination during trap formation.Moreover,the yeast two-hybrid assay showed that Ao PKC interacted with Ao SWI6,suggesting that in A.oligospora,PKC can directly regulate SWI6,bypassing the SLT2signaling cascade.Conclusively,our findings deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of asexual development and lifestyle switching in nematode-trapping fungi.